The law of negligence disaster at a charity event - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2139 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Brief : 106924 Delivery Date : 15/12/2005 Title: LAW: Tortious Liability and Negligence ENGLISH LAW (1st Year LLB Law Uni Degree standard) QUESTION Lucky BStard wins  £7,843,000 on the National Lottery. He decides to invest  £5,000,000 and, in his words, to Spend, spend, spend the balance. He solicits the services of Whizzkid, a financial advisor, who has just returned from a three year get away from it all stay in a Tibetan monastery. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The law of negligence: disaster at a charity event" essay for you Create order Imbued with Buddhist ideals, Whizzkid decides that, for the foreseeable future, he is not going to charge for any financial advice. On his first day back in the office, Whizzkid advises Lucky to invest  £2,000,000 in a newly floated e-company. When Whizzkid left for Tibet, shares in e-companies were increasing in value at a phenomenal rate but, about two years ago, there was a sudden downturn in their value and many such companies went into liquidation. Whilst in Tibet, Whizzkid heard nothing of the financial markets. Within six months Luckys shares are worth only  £7,500. He loses a further  £1,500,000 after following the financial tips of Hari Potta, an Indian mystic, who has set up an internet webpage in which investment advice is offered. Chastened by these experiences and somewhat tired of the extravagant lifestyle that he has adopted , Lucky decides to spend  £1,000,000 on promoting a charity extravaganza to raise money for Aids victims in the third world. The highlight of the charity event is an attempt by Dan Dangerous to set a new world record for ascending into the air, attached only to helium-filled toy balloons. (The current record stands at 11,000 feet). Dan attaches himself to six hundred balloons and the ascent is going to plan when the cord is severed by a passing jet. The shock of the proximity of the jet causes Dan to pass out and he is unable to activate his parachute and plunges to his death in front of the watching thousands. Dans former girlfriend, Minnie, who is pregnant, is present and the shock causes her to miscarry. Prodnose, who was in the vicinity of the event, wondered why there was such a large crowd and saw it all through a pair of very powerful binoculars. He suffers a nervous breakdown as does Sam, a fireman, who was on duty at the extravaganza and who was part of a team which tried unsuccessfully to break Dans fall by holding a tautly stretched fire blanket directly below him as he fell. Having watc hed the fall on live television, Beryl, Dans mother, is traumatised. Julius, Dans father hears the news on his car radio and rushes to the scene and formally identifies Dans body. Lucky admits that he was negligent in that he failed to check whether the site of the extravaganza was on any flight paths and he pays compensation to Dans estate. Advise Lucky as to any redress he may have against Whizzkid and Hari Potta and as to his liability in respect of Minnie, Prodnose, Sam, Beryl and Julius. Assessment Criteria In arriving at an assessment particular attention will be paid to the following: i) the students ability to identify the relevant legal principles ii) the appropriateness of legal authorities iii) application of the law to the facts iv) the clarity and cogency of argument ADVICE For the sake of clarity and brevity, after a breakdown of the applicable legal framework the individual issues in this colourful scenario will be isolated and considered in turn. The brie f under analysis concerns, inter alia, tort law and specifically the law of negligence. Lucky Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Stard can be advised that in order to ground an action in negligence five essential conditions must be satisfied on the balance of probability. First, it is necessary to establish that the claimant is owed a legally recognised duty of care by the defendant. Lord Atkins defined the range of the duty of care in negligence in Donoghue v Stephenson.[1] He stated: You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question.[2] Second, we must establish a breach of that specified duty. In Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks[3] it was stated that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do. The defendants might have been liable for negligence, if, unintentionally, they omitted to do that which a reasonable person would have done, or did that which a person taking reasonable precautions would not have done.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  A calculus of risk analysis can taken employed regarding the possibility of breach of duty in Luckyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case. This approach weighs the risk or harm (Bolton v Stone[4]) and probable severity of harm (Paris v Stepney Borough Council[5]) that may be suffered against the cost of precautions (Latimer v AEC[6]) and any other factors that might operate to excuse the risk taken (Watt v Hertfordshire County Council[7]). Third, loss or damage must be shown to have been suffered. Fourth, the damage suffered must be sustained as a direct, causal result of the breach identified: Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee[8] sets down useful guidance on this issue. Finally it must be shown that the damage stipulated above was reasonably foreseeable in all the circumstances of the case ie. not excluded on grounds of being too remote. It should be noted that all the above points must be satisfied before Lucky Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Stard can be advised that he has a good case for compensation. Each of the parties will be dealt with separately and in turn. Advice re Whizzkid It is necessary to apply the facts to the five-point framework discussed above in order to deliver reliable advice to Lucky as to his dealings with Whizzkid. Moreover, where a negligent statement causes pure financial loss such as in this case an additional legal framework applies. In Hedley Byrne v. Heller[9] the House of Lords recognised the existence of liability for pure economic loss arising from a negligent statement. The court, developed a test for reasonable foreseeability of harm. Lord Reid stated that such liability would only arise where there was a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“special relationshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  between the parties. He explained that a special relationship would exist: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“where it is plain that the party seeking the information or advice was trusting the other to exercise such a degree of care as the circumstances required, where it was reasonable for him to do that, and where the other gave the information or advice when he knew or ought to have known that the enquirer was relying on him.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Lucky has attended Whizzkidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s office and it is reasonable for him to seek financial advice in that formal professional context. Furthermore, Lucky cannot be expected to know of Whizzkidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s recent history and his lack of knowledge of current investment strategy. Given the amoun t of money involved it is plain that Whizzkid should have appreciated the seriousness of the situation and taken more care over his advice. It is therefore submitted that a special relationship exists and that liability is owed to Lucky. Advice re Hari Potta This situation is slightly different, given that this so-called Indian mystic has set up an internet webpage on which investment advice is offered generally and to the world at large. Hedley Byrne was applicable re Whizzkid because Whizzkid was offering specific and individual advice, however in the case of Hari Potta, the case of Caparo Industries v Dickman[10] is of more relevance. In Caparo, information was put into general circulation and was capable of being relied on by strangers, just as in Hari Pottaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case. The court held that in these circumstances no general duty of care would be owed unless the defendant had particular knowledge of the reliance on and use of the information by the injured pa rty. Unless Hari Potta has the aforementioned knowledge it is unlikely that Lucky has a claim against him. Advice re Minnie Lucky has admitted liability for negligence in causing Danà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death. Minnie has suffered nervous shock and a miscarriage as a result of witnessing the incident. In so-called nervous shock cases it is necessary to distinguish between primary shock victims, who also sustain physical injury or are in some other way directly involved in the accident and secondary shock victims, who are affected either as a consequence of witnessing the accident or out of concern for the safety of another: Alcock et al v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police[11]. It is advised that Minnie will be considered a secondary victim on the facts. Mindful of the risk of a flood of claims from this class of potential litigant the courts have imposed rigorous criteria to be met before the existence of a duty of care to prevent psychiatric injury will be acknowl edged. In Alcock et al v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police, which resulted from the Hillsborough football ground disaster, the House of Lords held that a wrongdoer will owe a duty of care to a secondary victim only if: (a) there is a tie of love and affection between the secondary victim and the primary victim; (b) the secondary victim was present at the accident or in its immediate aftermath; (c) nervous shock was suffered as a consequence of the secondary victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of the accident with his own unaided senses (that is he personally heard or saw the accident). It is submitted that Minnie fulfils the above criteria and that she will be able to claim for the trauma of the incident. However the so-called egg-shell skull rule is unlikely to be deemed applicable in this context and therefore the miscarriage that she has suffered as a consequence of her state of pregnancy may not be claimable. Advice re Prodnose Prodnose suffered a n ervous breakdown after witnessing the event through a pair of powerful binoculars. He will be considered a secondary victim (see above). It is clear that he does not fulfil the Alcock criteria set out above (because inter alia, there is no apparent tie of love and affection) and thus he will be unable to claim against Lucky. Advice re Sam Sam, a fireman, who was on duty at the event tried unsuccessfully to break Dans fall by holding a tautly stretched fire blanket directly below him as he fell. He suffered a nervous breakdown as a consequence, but will be classed as a rescuer. Alcock provides that the strict 3-point secondary victim test described above does not apply to those participating in a rescue operation connected to the accident. A duty of care is owed to those attempting a rescue merely if it is reasonably foreseeable that nervous shock could be suffered as a result of witnessing the aftermath of the accident. It is submitted this will be easy on the facts! Sam ca n almost certainly recover damages. Advice re Beryl and Julius On the facts, Julius does not appear to have suffered specified shock or trauma and therefore does not have a claim because he cannot point to specific injury or loss. If he has suffered injury then he may have a claim on the Alcock criteria, given his presence in the immediate aftermath of the incident. Beryl, Danà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mother, was traumatised by watching the incident on live television. Alcock provided that parents and spouses who only saw an incident by viewing it on a simultaneous television broadcast were not entitled to damages and thus it is unlikely that Beryl has a claim. However, she may have a chance to avoid Alcock by distinguishing it on the basis that TV coverage of the aftermath of the football disaster which involved bodies being laid on the pitch while tragic and upsetting arguably lacks the real horror and immediate visceral threat of seeing a man plummeting to his death in real time. THE END WORD COUNT: 2118 (this is a global document word count including the long question etc and thus does not represent an overrun) BIBLIOGRAPHY Rogers W.V.H., Winfield and Jolowicz on Tort, (2002) Sweet Maxwell Keenan D., Smith and Keenanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s English Law, (1998) Pitman Publishing Keenan, D. and Riches S., Business Law, Seventh Ed, (2001) Longman Stephenson G., Sourcebook on Torts, (2000) Cavendish Publishing Kelly D. and Holmes A., Principles of Business Law, (1997) Cavendish Publishing 1 Footnotes [1] (1932) AC 562. [2] See for context: Keenan, D. and Riches S., Business Law, Seventh Ed, (2001) Longman. [3] (1856) 1 Ex 781. [4] [1951] AC 850. [5] [1951] AC 367. [6] [1953] AC 643. [7] [1954] 1 WLR 835. [8] [1969] 1 QB 428. [9] [1963] 2 All E.R. 575. [10] [1990] 2 AC 605. [11] [1991] 4 All ER 907.

What Is Attachment Theory Definition and Stages

Attachment describes the deep, long-term bonds that form between two people. John Bowlby originated attachment theory to explain how these bonds form between an infant and a caregiver, and Mary Ainsworth later expanded on his ideas. Since it was initially introduced, attachment theory has become one of the most well-known and influential theories in the field of psychology. Key Takeaways: Attachment Theory Attachment is a deep, emotional bond that forms between two people.According to psychologist John Bowlby, in the context of evolution, children’s attachment behaviors evolved to make sure they could successfully remain under the protection of their caregivers in order to survive.Bowlby specified four phases of child-caregiver attachment development: 0-3 months, 3-6 months, 6 months to 3 years, and 3 years through the end of childhood.Expanding on Bowlbys ideas, Mary Ainsworth pointed to three attachment patterns: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and resistant attachment. A fourth attachment style, disorganized attachment, was later added. Origins of Attachment Theory While working with maladjusted and delinquent children in the 1930s, psychologist John Bowlby noticed that these children had trouble forming close relationships with others. He looked into the children’s family histories and noticed that many of them had endured disruptions in their home lives at an early age. Bowlby came to the conclusion that the early emotional bond established between a parent and their child is key to healthy development. As a result, challenges to that bond could have consequences that impact a child throughout their lifetime. Bowlby delved into a number of perspectives to develop his ideas, including psychodynamic theory, cognitive and developmental psychology, and ethology (the science of human and animal behavior within the context of evolution). The result of his work was attachment theory. At the time, it was believed that babies become attached to their caregivers because they fed the baby. This behaviorist perspective, saw attachment as a learned behavior. Bowlby offered a different perspective. He said that human development should be understood in the context of evolution. Infants survived throughout much of human history by ensuring they stayed in close proximity to adult caregivers. Children’s attachment behaviors evolved to make sure the child could successfully remain under the protection of their caregivers. Consequently, the gestures, sounds, and other signals infants give off to attract the attention of and maintain contact with adults are adaptive. Phases of Attachment Bowlby specified four phases during which children develop attachment to their caretakers. Phase 1: Birth to 3 Months From the time they’re born, infants show a preference for looking at human faces and listening to human voices. During the first two to three months of life, infants respond to people but they don’t distinguish between them. At around 6 weeks, the sight of human faces will elicit social smiles, in which babies will happily smile and make eye contact. While the baby will smile at any face that appears in their line of sight, Bowlby suggested that social smiling increases the chances that the caretaker will respond with loving attention, promoting attachment. The baby also encourages attachment with caregivers through behaviors like babbling, crying, grasping, and sucking. Each behavior brings the infant in closer contact with the caregiver and further promotes bonding and emotional investment. Phase 2: From 3 to 6 Months When infants are about 3 months old, they start to differentiate between people and they begin to reserve their attachment behaviors for the people they prefer. While they’ll smile and babble at the people they recognize, they won’t do more than stare at a stranger. If they cry, their favorite people are better able to comfort them. Babies’ preferences are restricted to two to three individuals and they usually favor one person in particular. Bowlby and other attachment researchers often assumed this individual would be the infant’s mother, but it could be anyone who most successfully responded to and had the most positive interactions with the baby. Phase 3: From 6 Months to 3 Years At about 6 months, babies’ preference for a specific individual becomes more intense, and when that individual leaves the room, the infants will have separation anxiety. Once babies learn to crawl, they will also attempt to actively follow their favorite person. When this individual returns after a period of absence, babies will enthusiastically greet them. Starting at about 7 or 8 months old, babies will also start to fear strangers. This can manifest itself as anything from a bit of extra caution in the presence of a stranger to crying at the sight of someone new, especially in an unfamiliar situation. By the time babies are a year old, they have developed a working model of their favored individual, including how well they respond to the child. Phase 4: From 3 Years Until Childhood Ends Bowlby didn’t have as much to say about the fourth stage of attachment or the way attachments continued to impact people after childhood. He did observe, however, that at around 3 years old, children start to comprehend that their caretakers have goals and plans of their own. As a result, the child is less concerned when the caretaker leaves for a period of time. The Strange Situation and Patterns of Infant Attachment After moving to England in the 1950s, Mary Ainsworth became John Bowlby’s research assistant and long-term collaborator. While Bowlby had observed that children exhibited individual differences in attachment, it was Ainsworth who undertook the research on infant-parent separations that established a better understanding of these individual differences. The method Ainsworth and her colleagues developed for assessing these differences in one-year-old children was called the â€Å"Strange Situation.† The Strange Situation consists of two brief scenarios in a lab in which a caregiver leaves the infant. In the first scenario, the infant is left with a stranger. In the second scenario the infant is briefly left alone and then joined by the stranger. Each separation between caregiver and child lasted about three minutes. Ainsworth and her colleagues’ observations of the Strange Situation led them to identify three different patterns of attachment. A fourth attachment style was later added based on the findings from further research. The four attachment patterns are: Secure Attachment: Infants who are securely attached use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the world. They will venture out to explore away from the caregiver, but if theyre frightened or in need of reassurance, they will return. If the caregiver leaves they will get upset just as all babies will. Yet, these children are confident that their caregiver will return. When that happens they will greet the caregiver with joy.Avoidant Attachment: Children who exhibit avoidant attachment are insecure in their attachment to the caregiver. Avoidantly attached children will not become overly distressed when their caregiver leaves, and upon their return, the child will deliberately avoid the caregiver.Resistant Attachment: Resistant attachment is another form of insecure attachment. These children become extremely upset when the parent leaves. However, when the caregiver returns their behavior will be inconsistent. They may initially seem happy to see the caregiver only to become resistant if the caregiver attempts to pick them up. These children often respond angrily to the caregiver; however, they also display moments of avoidance as well.Disorganized Attachment: The final attachment pattern is most often displayed by children who have been subject to abuse, neglect, or other inconsistent parenting practices. Children with a disorganized attachment style seem to be disoriented or confused when their caregiver is present. They seem to view the caregiver as a source of both comfort and fear, leading to disorganized and conflicting behaviors. Research has demonstrated that early attachment styles have consequences that reverberate for the rest of an individual’s life. For instance, someone with a secure attachment style in childhood will have better self-esteem as they grow up and will be able to form strong, healthy relationships as adults. On the other hand, those with an avoidant attachment style as children may be unable to become emotionally invested in their relationships and have difficulty sharing their thoughts and feelings with others. Similarly those who had a resistant attachment style as one-year-olds have difficulty forming relationships with others as adults, and when they do, often question whether their partners truly love them. Institutionalization and Separation The necessity of forming attachments early in life has serious implications for children who grow up in institutions or are separated from their parents when theyre young. Bowlby observed that children who grow up in institutions often don’t form an attachment to any adult. While their physical needs are attended to, because their emotional needs aren’t fulfilled, they don’t bond with anyone as infants and then seem incapable of forming loving relationships when they get older. Some research has suggested that therapeutic interventions might help make up for the deficits these children experienced. However, other events have demonstrated that children that haven’t developed attachments as infants continue to suffer from emotional issues. Further research is still required on this topic, however, one way or another, it seems clear that development proceeds best if children are able to bond with a caretaker in their first years of life. Separation from attachment figures in childhood can also lead to emotional problems. In the 1950s, Bowlby and James Robertson found that when children were separated from their parents during extended hospital stays—a common practice at the time—it led to a great deal of suffering for the child. If children were kept from their parents for too long, they seemed to stop trusting people, and like the institutionalized children, were no longer able to form close relationships. Fortunately, Bowlby’s work resulted in more hospitals allowing parents to stay with their young children. Implications for Child-Rearing Bowlby and Ainsworth’s work on attachment suggests that parents should see their babies as fully equipped to signal what they need. So when babies cry, smile, or babble, parents should follow their instincts and respond. Children with parents who promptly respond to their signals with care tend to be securely attached by the time they are a year old. This doesn’t mean that parents should take the initiative to go to the child when the child hasnt signaled. If the parent insists on attending to the child whether the infant is signaling their desire for attention or not, Bowlby said the child can become spoiled. Bowlby and Ainsworth felt, instead, caretakers should simply be available while letting their child pursue their own independent interests and explorations. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Bowlby Ainsworth: What is Attachment Theory?† Verywell Mind, 21 September 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attachment-theory-2795337Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"The Different Types of Attachment Styles† Verywell Mind, 24 June 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/attachment-styles-2795344Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.Fraley, R. Chris and Phillip R. Shaver. â€Å"Attachment Theory and Its Place in Contemporary Personality Theory and Research.† Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 3rd ed., edited by Oliver P. John, Richard W. Robins, and Lawrence A. Pervin, The Guilford Press, 2008, pp. 518-541.McAdams, Dan. The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5th ed., Wiley, 2008.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Attachment Theory.† Simply Psychology, 5 February 2017. https://www.simplypsychology.org/attachment.html

Walt Disney The Greatest Animation Studios - 1481 Words

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An Analysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby Essay

Kate Chopin life and her short story Dà ©sirà ©e’s Baby Chopin was an American novelist and she also wrote many short stories. Chopin was a feminist pioneer movement on American literature and the world. Chopin was born in St. Louis Missouri on February 8, 1850. Her father was an Irish immigrant who was a very successful businessman. Chopin father died when she was a little girl. For that reason, she grew up with her mother and grandmother since she was a child. She was an insatiable reader and that was her favory pass time. Chopin developed a fine taste for a literature in general, what make her select for her readings the greater and important master of that time. Chopin uses to read novels, poetry, and classics as well as religious topics. Chopin husband Oscar died 12 years later after their married. Oscar leaves her with six children and financial debt, that was passed on to her. As consequence, she decided to move with her kids to her mom house. 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As Desiree and Armand both originally associate themselves with the white class, once the plot unveils their black heritage they are faced with uncertainty, and ultimately their lives become meaninglessRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby 987 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of people are compromised.† Kate Chopin’s story, â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is a story solely of racial identity, sexism, pride and love. Throughout, there’s symbolism to indicate unequal gender functions, as well as racial prejudice. Readers become mindful of the effects love and pride has over actions, as the story foreshadows numerously. Thoroughly, analytical evidence will focus on the irony of racial identity, symbolism of sexism, pride and love. Desiree’s Baby is a short story centered directlyRead MoreAn Analysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby 1705 Words   |  7 Pagesand published in 1893, Kate Chopin’s work â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is a short story about miscegenation within a French family living in Louisiana in the late nineteenth century. Miscegenation is defined as the mixture of different racial groups, through marriage or cohabitation, between a white race and a member of another race. Chopin writes this piece of realistic fiction which exposes the issues of society that would not be faced until many years after her death. â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† revolves around two mainRead MoreAnalysis Of Desiree s Baby By Kate Chopin919 Words   |  4 PagesDesiree’s Baby†: An Annotated bibliography Thesis: Kate Chopin combines the racial and social differences on the eighteen century, in which people have to face racial discrimination amongst a social empire, which brings many conflicts within diverse couples about their firstborns. Chopin, Kate Desiree’s Baby. Short Stories (print 7/14/2015). In the short story, Desiree’s Baby, written by Kate Chopin there is a about of karma and consequences that produce the drama on the literature. The storyRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby 951 Words   |  4 Pagesa major problem in the late nineteenth century. In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†, there were characters with extreme views towards race which led to a gruesome death. The major conflicts in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† are from Armand assuming what he thought about Desiree was right, and not taking another answer that could be a possibility. Armand was the antagonist of the story and struggles against the beliefs that the country has about race. Desiree, the protagonist was in conflict with Armand over whoRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s `` Desiree s Baby ``822 Words   |  4 PagesRegionalism reflected in Kate Chopin’s Writings During the latter half of the nineteenth-century, American literature had a renaissance with the development of new writing styles that strived to fully grasp and express the American way of life. Regionalism, which is a writing style that incorporates setting, dialect, and local color of certain regions of the United States was prominent among these new writing styles. Kate Chopin, one of the most prominent feminist writers of the nineteenth-centuryRead MoreAn Analysis Of Armand Aubigny s Desiree s Baby 1538 Words   |  7 PagesArmand Aubigny’s Pride in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† by Kate Chopin Through history, we have always yearned independence and equality as human beings. Undoubtedly, Kate Chopin is an extraordinary example She has landed a commendable place among American writers worthy of recognition. Born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1850, Kate was raised by strong women who taught her the value of an education. Her family gave her a revolutionary vision and a feminist personality, but it was her talented and passionate skillsRead MoreAn Examination Of How Kate Chopin s Work1298 Words   |  6 PagesENGL 1102 – Comp/Lit Essay 2 (Mulry) Sellers, James R – 920022413 Due Date: April 20, 2015 An Examination of How Kate Chopin’s Works Taken Together Contribute to our Understanding of Her Time and the Place of Women in Society Looking at themes present in his short stories and novels, Kate Chopin presents examples of female strength and an assertive rebellion to the social norms during the late 1800s. By seeking to transparently and boldly portray the risquà © behavior of her lead characters, whichRead MoreInferences Lead to Tragedy: Irony that Ruins in Kate Chopins Desirees Baby744 Words   |  3 Pages Kate Chopin utilizes irony in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† to warn people of the dangers of racism and how it can victimize not only the hated race, but also the one who is racist. â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is a tale about a young slave owner, Armand, with a well-respected name in Louisiana. He marries an adopted woman named Desiree and once they have their child, he notices that the baby has black features. He assumes that since he does not know his wife’s racial background that his wife must have some sort ofRead MoreDesiree s Baby : A Literary Analysis1582 Words   |  7 PagesDesiree’s Baby—A Literary Analysis In the short story, â€Å"Desiree’s Baby,† Kate Chopin exposes the harsh realities of racial divide, male dominance, and slavery in Antebellum Louisiana. Although written in 1894, Chopin revisits the deep-south during a period of white privilege and slavery. Told through third-person narration, the reader is introduced to characters whose individual morals and values become the key elements leading to the ironic downfall of this antebellum romance. As Chopin takes the

Eyewitness Testimony On The Criminal Justice System

Psychological research shows that eyewitness testimony is not always accurate; therefore it should not be used in the criminal justice system. Discuss. Word Count: 2,589 There has been considerable interest and study in the accuracy or inaccuracy of the use of eyewitness testimonies in the current criminal justice system. Results collated by several studies add to the bulk of literature suggesting that the current usage of eyewitness testimony by the legal system is far from ideal. Currently, high emphasis is being placed on reviewing and reconsidering eyewitness accounts (Leinfelt, 2004). In particular, recent DNA exoneration cases have substantiated the warnings of eyewitness identification researchers by showing that mistaken eyewitness identification was the largest single factor contributing to the conviction of innocent people (Wells Olson, 2003). In this essay, the use of eyewitness testimony in the criminal justice system will be explored, with a particular focus on the impreciseness of this practice. Although Although theoretically conferencing may be seen as a viable alternative for adolescents to court proceedings, and indeed some evidence suggests it reduces recidivism, it will ultimately be concluded that the success of restorative justice programs depends on more than just its ability to reduce recidivism, and thus it will not always provide a useful alternative to more traditional criminal justice approaches. The concept ofShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Eyewitness Testimonies On The Criminal Justice System2734 Words   |  11 PagesEyewitnesses are critical to the criminal justice system, but there have been issues involving eyewitness testimonies, which occasionally cause them to be seen as unreliable. According to innocenceproject.org, 72% of DNA exoneration cases in the United States have resulted from eyewitness misidentification. This is concerning because in a study by Benton, Ross, Bradshaw, Thomas, and Bradshaw (2005), they examined jurors, judges and law enforcement’s knowledge about eyewitness issues. They found that thoseRead MoreEffects Of Eyewitness Testimony On The Us Criminal Justice System1700 Words   |  7 PagesMidterm Paper: The Effects of Eyewitness Testimony in the US Criminal Justice System On December 14th, 1982, Marvin Anderson was sentenced to 210 years in prison for crimes that he did not commit [1]. He was charged with rape, forcible sodomy, abduction, and robbery; these convictions were largely due to the eyewitness testimony made against him at trial [2]. During the investigation, a collection of photos was presented to the victim, where Anderson’s photo was the only one in color. Then, in aRead MoreEyewitness Identification, Criminal, And Criminal Law Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagestakes hold. You may think this cannot happen to you, but until we fix some major flaws with law enforcement, prosecution deals, and an overloaded system: This could happen to anyone. State prosecutors should not be able to convict anyone on eyewitness testimony only, without any other physical or forensic evidence. In eyewitness identification, in criminal law, evidence is received from a witness who has actually seen an event and can so testify in court.† (Law.com Legal Online Dictionary) While thisRead MoreEssay on Eyewitness Error1177 Words   |  5 Pagesmemories of one’s life is usually not detrimental, but the flawed nature of long-term and short-term memory functions becomes a serious matter in regards to criminal eyewitness testimony. In the justice system eyewitness reports are legitimate and can be crucial in the judging process. The justice system was constructed to rely on testimony that is often inaccurate and inconstant in many ways. The manner in which memories are constructed lends itself to errors. According to the constructive approachRead MoreFalse Witness Credibility : Mistaken Eyewitness Identification1231 Words   |  5 PagesWu Professor Harris ENC 1102 1 Dec. 2016 Research Project for False Witness Credibility: Mistaken Eyewitness Identification On May 3, 1982, in Norfolk, Virginia at circuit court, 29-year old Julius Earl Ruffin was convicted of a rape he did not commit and was sentenced to five life sentences in prison. The case rested on Ann Meng, the victim who accused Ruffin as her assailant. Mistaken eyewitness identifications contributed to more than 75 percent of the more than 200 wrongful convictions in falseRead MoreThe Role Of Eyewitness And Scientific Identifications854 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough Eyewitness and Scientific Identifications are important tools for the conviction of criminals, eyewitness testimony has proven to be persuasive evidence before a judge or jury but recent years of strong statistical research has proven that eyewitness identification is often unreliable. And can lead to atrocious acts such as wrongfully stripping an individual of his God given freedom for the majority of his or her life. Two prime examples of the detrimental impact that identifications haveRead MoreInjustices of the J ustice System1131 Words   |  5 PagesInjustices of the Justice System Today’s justice system is broken and flawed, with a history of falsely convicting innocent people due to a variety of things, including eyewitness misidentification, invalid or improper forensic testing, and even racial bias on the jury. Many wrongful convictions happen as a result of a combination of these things, and other causes can contribute in each individual case (â€Å"causes†). Countless people throughout history have been punished for crimes they did not commitRead MoreAccuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony1231 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Eyewitness testimony has been used as an important tool in the criminal justice system. When there is lack of other kinds of evidence, police often rely on eyewitness to find potential suspects. In court, eyewitness testimony is a kind of important evidence associates with DNA or other types of evidence. However, many psychologists think that it should not be used in the criminal justice system as most of the wrongful convictions were caused by inaccurate eyewitness testimony. AlthoughRead MoreTodd Willingham s Conviction Process1209 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped that involved professionals and eyewitness testimonies that concluded Willingham as guilty. Unfortunately, there were many flaws during the process of the investigation. The investigation had weak evidence with no scientific background, some prosecutors appeared bias, and the prosecution relied too much on eyewitness. The criminal justice system had many flaws when it came down to Willinghams prosecution and I blame the people involved in the system. After the tragic fire, two fire investigatorsRead MoreEssay on Problems with Eyewitness Testimony1395 Words   |  6 PagesEyewitness testimony has been used for many centuries and continues to be a part of our criminal justice system. Although, there has been many controversy debates on whether to allow the continuation of these testimonies in court, and allow it to be used as evidence. Eyewitness testimony can either be harmful or useful for an individual. We must fully analysis and see what certain factors (psychological, and age wise) come into the equation before coming up with final conclusions. A case study

Ethical Theories The Cyber Space Activity †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Ethical Theories Of The Cyber Space Activity? Answer: Introducation Cybercrime, also referred to as computer crime is any illegal activity that is carried out with the use of a computer or any device that can be used to access the internet, such as a mobile phone. The department of Justice has categorized cybercrime into three categories: crimes where the computer is employed as the weapon, crimes which involves the computer itself as the target and also where the computer has been used as an accessory to crime The internet has been the biggest invention ever since printing, and the more it has spread, cybercrime has also spread with the same magnitude, since a person does not now need to be present physically to commit a crime in a certain place. The internet also avails speed, anonymity, a borderless scope and convenience all which makes crime easier to carry out (("Cybercrime", 2017). Cybercrime can be explained in relation to classical ethical theory. To begin with, deontology holds that the actions of people are to be guided by moral laws; which are universal. Deontological ethics are drawn from the philosophy of Kants categorical imperative. He proposed that for an ethical school to appeal to all rational people, it had to be based on the reasoning of a rational person ("The Cambridge handbook of information and computer ethics", 2010). It is duty ethics, the actions of any individual are seen as performance of duty to act ethically towards other internet users, or the following of the rules laid down by country. Therefore, according to deontology, it was wrong for Mr. Tabalbag to use a phishing app to obtain information illegally from his wifes phone. This is clearly phone hacking because he used an app to gain unauthorized access to his wifes deleted messages and phone bills. Mr. Tabalbag in his use of the internet violated the duty a person has towards other cyber users and the state. He committed a cybercrime, because he used a computer and his phone as the tools in harming other people, his wife and her lover. Utilitarianism holds that the end justifies the means; that the right action is the one that will produce the greatest happiness or the best. Rule utilitarianism leads us to adopting the moral rules that would produce happiness if they were followed by everyone, while act utilitarianism leads us to do those actions that produce more happiness than unhappiness (Driver, 2017). Ethical hackers use their skill to benefit the society, thus it would be legal under utilitarian principles, Ethical hacking has been of tremendous benefit to many organizations. For instance, it has helped to strengthen national security.it has been used by the united states air force to evaluate their operating system; which is a contribution to the fight against terrorism and external threats. IBM also uses ethical hackers to keep their systems and those of their clients secure (Chao, 2017). Mr. Tabalbag did use a sort of a phishing app that could retrieve the deleted messages and phone bills of his partner. H e was suspicious that his wife was having an affair and the information he got helped him to catch her right in the act, so in a sense, the end justified the means. There are still some grey areas however. Despite the end justifying the means, his actions did not lead to happiness. If every suspicious spouse followed his cause of action many lovers affairs would be exposed, with several fatalities as in this case. It is hard to determine, now that Mr. Tabalbag actions of hacking into his wifes phone, and used another app to stalk her, whether he ended up happy or unhappier, now that he is in prison for manslaughter. Virtue ethics are normative ethical theories that are weighted on the virtues of mind and character. Ethics should thus be concerned with the character that is displayed by a moral agent, rather than the rules that are dictating what is right and what is wrong. According to Aristotle, a virtuous person is that person who has ideal character traits. He will display kindness across many situations because it is in their character to do so, rather than being in search of recognition or maximizing utility. Rules are hard to establish and the consequences are harder to perceive in cyberspace. Virtue ethics are therefore aimed at producing citizens that are digitally wise and will as a result be able to supervise their online activities. According to Aristotle these virtues cannot be taught theoretically, rather they can be learnt through experience, practice and the development of practical wisdom, which he referred to as phronesis.in cyberspace, they would be cyber prognosis, which would be implemented by students, parents, teachers and other stakeholders in the digital world ("Virtue Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", 2017). Thinking in the lines of virtual ethics, most cybercrime activities are wrong, because they reflect a weakness in character. If Mr. Tabalbag did not practice cyber prognosis, he went out of his way to gain unauthorized access to his wifes phone billing information and deleted text messages, which is not the behaviour that a virtuous user of the internet would exhibit. His aim was to maximize his utility; to catch his wife in the act. virtue ethics are aimed at producing people that are digitally wise, which was not reflected at all in his stalking and hacking tendencies.it is indeed important for virtue ethics to be taught to internet users, because had Mr. Tabalbag been bit more digitally wise, he would not have ended up with a murder, later reduced to manslaughter conviction. The contract theory states that there is an implicit social contract between that citizen and the country and the state that he lives and as a result that that citizen is obliged to abide by the moral and the legal issues of the state even if he would rather not. The social contract line if thought was mainly propagated by Thomas Hobbes. He theorized a situation where there was no law governing the society, where each person was free in every state of nature. He observed that though it would be a pleasant thing, people are motivated by their own self-interests, and the world would turn into a very unpleasant place. the solution would be therefore for each person to give up some of their absolute freedom and in exchange each person would give up an equal measure of their freedom ("Phil 2800 - 3 Ethical Theories", 2017). Phone hacking is the practice of manipulating or gaining unauthorized access to mobile phones. It is the use of telephone technology to steal information, which is wha t Mr. Tabalbag did, which is illegal. It is an illegal invasion of privacy. Phone hacking is covered in the law that regulates phone tapping and other ways of gathering information. It is an offence to gain information that is stored in information system, without a search warrant and or production order which has to be approved by a judge (Davies, 2017). There are other avenues that Mr. Tabalbag could have exploited to obtain information on his wifes account. He could have called the service provider and asking for a breakdown of texts and numbers called by his wife using his own phone account. Tracking a user using their cellphone is not illegal, but if the information is used in an abusive manner it becomes stalking and it is illegal. It would have been better if Mr. Tabalbag had informed his wife that he would be tracking his movements, given he had already voiced his suspicion that way, issues of privacy would not have emerged ("Cell Phone Monitoring: Is Mobile Surveillance Leg al?", 2017). Clearly cybercrime and privacy infringement do not only affect a society online. The consequences affect a society in their day to day lives. There is need for continual review of legislation to tame these vices as their scope widens with the spread in technology References Cell Phone Monitoring: Is Mobile Surveillance Legal?. (2017).TopTenReviews. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.toptenreviews.com/software/articles/cell-phone-monitoring-is-mobile-surveillance-legal/ Chao, O. (2017).Ethical Hacking ethical or unethical | IS1103 GRP 202.Blog.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://blog.nus.edu.sg/is1103grp202/2012/09/11/ethical-hacking-ethical-or-unethical/ Cybercrime. (2017).Tech Target. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from )https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/cybercrime Davies, N. (2017).The law on phone hacking and private data.the Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/jul/08/ripa-phone-hacking-law Driver, J. (2017).The History of Utilitarianism.Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/ Phil 2800 - 3 Ethical Theories. (2017).Ucs.mun.ca. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.ucs.mun.ca/~alatus/2800a/3EthicalTheories.html The Cambridge handbook of information and computer ethics. (2010).Choice Reviews Online,48(03), 48-1520-48-1520. https://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-1520 Virtue Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2017).Iep.utm.edu. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/virtue/

Leadership - Business Critical Perspective

Question: Discuss about the Leadership for Business Critical Perspective. Answer: Introduction Leadership refers to a quality that an individual carries to motivate other person to achieve the goals of them as well as of organization. It is a dynamic process in which only on individual is not responsible for the result of groups but all the members collectively commit to one goal that is achieved by all. A leader is a person who collects all the members and help to move them in one direction. He plays a very vital role as he build the team, help to bring development in individuals, and atleast they achieve the task. He is the one who understand the need of the members of the group. This assists to know each member individually and to maintain good relations between the two that results in trust and honesty. The flow of communication will also improve by effective leadership. A leader directs the members to optimize the resources in a proper way. He plans, controls, direct, organizes, motivates, etc the group of people to attain the future goals. In this present study, we will study about the leaders and their practices that helped the business organization. We also earn the problems faced by them in the leadership. There will be a description on the various styles and theories of the leaders that helps us to understand leadership in a better way. Leadership brings power and power helps to influence the people. This is how the big leaders brought revolutionary changes in the society. As power has the capability to exert the influence in either positive or negative direction. Influence refers to any sort of actions that helps to change the attitude r behavior of any individual. In this study, there will be example of three leaders who have different leadership styles and approaches. There will be a justification on all of them will be mentioned to understand all of them in a better way. Afterwards the study will continue with the impacts of their styles and approaches on the business and business environment. Leaders and their qualities Susie Burrell She is one of the leading dietitians of Australia. She is a nutrition and psychologist, who is helping thousand of Australian children and athletes to achieve their health and nutritional values without any diet and deprivation (Burrell, 2012). The reason to choose her as a leader is that she is a young inspiration to all the Australian children. She has the caliber to mange her personal and social life. The decision making of Susie is very effective and wise. She is very initiative as she taken decision to improve the quality of the food poducts produced and consumed by the consumers. For this, she influenced not only the producers but also the media and regulatory authorities to supply only nutritional and healthy food for the consumers. She has worked on many projects to implement such decision on the society. As a woman, she has to manage between the personal life and career. She manages things, organized them, and manages the time effectively, where many of us left exhaust ("New approaches to leadership", 2011). As a leader, there is a need to maintain self-motivation and self discipline. The major quality of leader is that he or she does not panic in worst situations. They take it as challenegs and face them. Through their motivation, they are able to cope up with critical situations. They not only direct others but also themselves too. They remain self motivated, their goals are clear, and try to coach them self to achieve greatness (Halsall, 2015). Susie as a leader Her basic skill as a leader is to notice and relate every person who comes to her professional life. She uses her interpersonal skills and knowledge to identify the interest and needs of each individuals. Then she draws plans to motivate and help them by various methods. Her personal belief is that every individual should have lots of energy and good health in order to influence others in a positive manner. She said that one should live in an environment that inspires and motivates you (Gunzel-Jensen, Jain, Kjeldsen, 2016). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization Her leadership qualities are very unique and soothing. This type of leader remains very kind-hearted and down-to-earth for the employees of an organization. Such leadership qualities are helpful to maintain good relations in the organization. The environment of the organization remains very friendly and happy. As these leaders focus specifically on the employee's needs and wants. These types of leaders are very dynamic in nature. They tend to change situations and mould according to the need and requirement. They take interest in challenges and face the problems in very positive way. Despite of running out form the issues they patiently hold them and try to find effective solutions for the same (Goldsmith, Baldoni, McArthur, 2010). Cindy Hook Cindy hook is the CEO of the Deloitte Australia. She was the chief executive of the same company and spent most of her time in identifying the qualities of leaders, developing leaders and how to build team of leaders. This is the only key of success of her journey. According to her, there are six points by which a general person can become a successful leader. The first point is that to become effective and great leaders there is need to know and indentify you. If a person can bring himself and his beliefs, values, ethics, etc into the leadership then it would be the best leadership out of all. This kind of leadership will be authentic in nature, real and genuine. It carries a truthfulness and kindness that helps to achieve the goals of the organizational and its employees. Qualities of Cindy Hook as a leader The leaders must crystallize their views and directions so that they are clear for their goals and objectives. The leaders must have t self aware about the process and methods by which they have to go through to become an effective leader. She suggested that one should try to do all this in their life because such things are very important. Every individual carries some leadership skills with them. The only issue is not every one try to identify those skills (O'Mullane, 2011). According to her, the leaders should carry vitality and health. Only a healthy person can take wealthy decisions. Health and well-being is a way by which one can manage both the performances either individuals or organizations. She said that hard work will help to deliver effective and proven results. There is no substitute and alternatives available for hard work. To be a successful leader, there is a need to do hard work. Hard work refers to dedication of work and time as well. It gives consistent and relevant results which is very important for leaders. The prime role of every leader is to provide effective and efficient results. However, it is not possible to achieve 100% effectiveness in each work done by you. But, there should be at least 90% of effectiveness presents in the results. According to the businesses, the main task of leaders is to maximize the profits and overall growth of the company. To achieve this, the leaders have to balance between the goals of the organizational and also the employees. They also have to turn the challenges into opportunities to be an effective leader (Bennister, 2016). Cindy hook mentioned that a leader should be loyal to the organization in which he is working. She said that it is a myth that to have better future and career there is a need to switch the jobs frequently. There is a need to analyze that where an individual is working and what are the needs of that organization. According to her longevity is very important and its paid off as she gave 30 years at Deloitte. She claimed that there is a special power that lays n team work. This cannot be achieved individually. To be an effective leader there is a need to build a team around you and if you are unable to do so than you are not a leader. These types of individuals are knows as sole contributors. The leaders have to consider them as innovators. They have to invite challenges and find effective ways to come out of them with bright colors. The leaders should have the capability to learn and listen which is the most effective quality of him. He has to globalize himself by understanding the nature and culture of other countries and their organizations. As the world is becoming smaller, and the businesses becoming larger, there is an emergence of critical style of leadership in all the organist ions. The leaders should always try to seek global experience from different sources. It doesnt mean that one should have to go on world tour. It is not possible for everyone. But if an individual want to have knowledge of global world it can be achieved through studies, books, literatures, etc. You can take different projects related to different countries. It helps leaders to grasp knowledge about the future. It also provides ways to forecast the future needs (Normore, 2010). A leader must be ready for the upcoming future challenges and issues because he is the one who have to face and handle the same. Future decisions are not merely taken by technical skills. Instead, there is need to broaden your thinking and minds capabilities to bring new ideas related to future. This process will be initiated through curiosity and urge to learn more. To get ready for future challenges, one should become ready for today (Dansereau, Seitz, Chiu, Shaughnessy, Yammarino, 2013). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization Cindy Hook is one of the effective leaders of Australia. Her leader style is very new and innovative. She is not an autocratic leader but a democratic leader. She believes in ideas and thinking of others. This type of leaders is very impactful as they inspire all the people around them. These types of leaders are very open to new challenges which are very important in every business organization. Every company wants a leader who can manage the employees in an efficient manner (Rogers, 2012). Leaders like her are very creative and broad minded. They are spiritual and believe the culture of others. Such leaders are influenced by the team work and team building and they believe in the same. They try to divide the work in groups of people to decrease the burden and load. Such qualities will help organizations to achieve success in a very shorter period of time (Owen, 2015). Cindy hooks mentioned that she believes in long relations with the organization in which employees work. This approach helps companies to decrease the employee turnover ratio. Such leaders motivate the employees to retain in the organisation and provide their best for the future benefits of the company as well as for them. She said it is good to retain and find the problems that can be solved by you. Such leaders are very quick in analyzing the needs and want of employees and try to fulfill them (Pearson, 2012). Diann Feldman Diann Feldman is managing director of Greenleaf centre for servant leadership in Queensland. She has discussed the philosophy of servant leadership from different perspective. In this study we will discuss and compare her philosophies with other prominent leaders, implementation of theses philosophies and her version of leadership styles in business organization (Peleg, 2012). She believes that an effective leadership should serve people and communities as a role model of Christ. Her leadership theories are different from other theories. To reach at this stage of leadership she has faced lots of struggles in her life since 90s. It was believed in 90s that leaders are the persons who are known and famous rather than individuals to every other. This theory was not fit with her fundamental beliefs and faith. According to others, the leader is on who is powerful. Though, it is true that a leader is a person who has more power than others but the intentions behind the use of power decides the style of leadership. Every human being has their power of choice and freedom, and each one in powerful in their own manner (Stippler, 2011). She believes that a leader has some inherent faiths and values that help him to become leader. There is a need of practical nature and understanding towards the work in leadership. She said that leadership is a result of in-tact relationship between the followers and the leaders. Any person can become a leader as the leaders are not appointed. Instead, there is a need to identify the opportunity that come in your way and also to analyze that how one can act like a leader in such situations (Cullen Yammarino, 2014). In todays era, the leaders are very violent and disguise the leadership as they take advantages form the authority. The corporate leaders of companies try to decide the fate of the employees by their own; they are least concerned and try to worst the situation which is not the part of leadership. Such leaders are not the one who can generate other leaders, this type of leaders ahs followers due to the terror, fear, power, security needs, alter ego, or some other reasons. Though, many companies believe in autocratic leaders but they are not effective one (Townsend, 2011). Qualities of Diann Feldman as a leader Leaders are the persons who are generous, caring, respect others, who always try to build relation with other. Such leaders are opposite of above mentioned leaders. They have many qualities that help business to grow and develop. Such leaders engages themselves to achieve more through employees, make effective relations, perform hark work in critical situations, remain committed to the companies, and always try to keep the heart, soul and themselves in work. These leaders are the heroes of the organization. The aim of these leaders is not only to make corporation successful but also to provide this success to each employee working in that company. Throughout their life, they earned love and respect from the employees and staff members, they are honest and available all the time for work, and they take difficult decision, take stand with others, they listen to others ideas and inputs, and direct people in one direction (Van Wart, 2010). According to her leaders are developed with time and circumstances they have to lead the situations. She said that, conscious choice brings one to lead. It refers to the decisions that are made by leaders that started their journey of leadership. From that point of time, the awareness and development of leadership initiates. According to her traits are build, acquired and developed. The traits of an effective leaders is not dictatorship and dominate, they are care and share. Leadership is something that will gradually grow with thee time, and it will enhance with experiences. Leadership is a type of natural emergence within an individual that will come out at times. But sometimes, it is the result of accidental situations that will help to develop leader in an individual (Chapparamani, 2012). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization This type of leadership brings authenticity that helps to influence the corporate, companies, organizations, etc. It also generates and enlightens the work of organizations in a way that they bring heart and mind of employees into the organizations. The true meaning of leadership is not power but to understand the relationship between the leaders and followers that is very important in every organization. The effective leadership helps to acknowledge the journey of employees in the organization and generate a strong desire in other people to serve others. It eliminates the nature of self-centered individuals and transforms them into more caring and serving society. It will also help to transmit the behavior of organization from a master to a serving other organization. This type of leadership is the best suited as it helps to change the thinking, beliefs, actions and leadership style (Burrell, 2012). Her strategy to apply leadership skills in organization by using the power of each employee, ask them to share their own leadership skills, to act as a role model, and to share their own ideas about leadership. In this way, she can raise awareness and interest of employees towards leadership. She uses to tell them stories of many famous leaders and apply them practically in the areas where they are required. She initiates many workshops, tours, dialogue group, internet chat, etc. as an emerging knowledge for the employees. In this way, her leadership approaches and styles help many organizations to establish an effective leadership in organizations (Davies, 2012). Recommendations As discussed above there are many problems faced by leaders. Due to poor and ineffective leadership styles many companies have to face inefficiency. There is some measure that should be adopted by the companies to improve the leadership styles. The leaders should have new experiences regarding leadership that comprises of volunteering, mentoring, etc. it provides a platform for leaders to enhance their skills. The leaders also have to follow specific guidelines and their directions must be clear in n organisation. It helps in empowerment and development of the leaders. Leaders should have certain skills, knowledge, qualifications, training, etc that differentiate him or her from others. The achievement of above written qualities of leaders can be achieved through workshops and programmers. Organizations who want to enhance the skills of their leaders should initiate these programs in their organization. This help to make employees aware about the leadership skills. These workshops must provide training on communication skills, management, education, basic knowledge of organization, practical training, etc. These training also help organizations and employees to identify the future and potential leaders of the organization. Conclusion In this study, we understand the requirement of the leaders as they are the utmost need to complete the functions of any organization. The proper utilization of teams and groups can be done with the help of leaders. They help to create cohesiveness in the companies. It is said that the leaders are born not created but if certain trainings are provided then any one can become a leaders. The only need is to identify the potential and brush up the skills. This can be achieved through training, development programs, workshops, etc. We have studied about leaders of Australia that helps students to know that how a general persona can become a leader through his hard and smart work. 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