Eyewitness Testimony On The Criminal Justice System

Psychological research shows that eyewitness testimony is not always accurate; therefore it should not be used in the criminal justice system. Discuss. Word Count: 2,589 There has been considerable interest and study in the accuracy or inaccuracy of the use of eyewitness testimonies in the current criminal justice system. Results collated by several studies add to the bulk of literature suggesting that the current usage of eyewitness testimony by the legal system is far from ideal. Currently, high emphasis is being placed on reviewing and reconsidering eyewitness accounts (Leinfelt, 2004). In particular, recent DNA exoneration cases have substantiated the warnings of eyewitness identification researchers by showing that mistaken eyewitness identification was the largest single factor contributing to the conviction of innocent people (Wells Olson, 2003). In this essay, the use of eyewitness testimony in the criminal justice system will be explored, with a particular focus on the impreciseness of this practice. Although Although theoretically conferencing may be seen as a viable alternative for adolescents to court proceedings, and indeed some evidence suggests it reduces recidivism, it will ultimately be concluded that the success of restorative justice programs depends on more than just its ability to reduce recidivism, and thus it will not always provide a useful alternative to more traditional criminal justice approaches. The concept ofShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Eyewitness Testimonies On The Criminal Justice System2734 Words   |  11 PagesEyewitnesses are critical to the criminal justice system, but there have been issues involving eyewitness testimonies, which occasionally cause them to be seen as unreliable. According to innocenceproject.org, 72% of DNA exoneration cases in the United States have resulted from eyewitness misidentification. This is concerning because in a study by Benton, Ross, Bradshaw, Thomas, and Bradshaw (2005), they examined jurors, judges and law enforcement’s knowledge about eyewitness issues. They found that thoseRead MoreEffects Of Eyewitness Testimony On The Us Criminal Justice System1700 Words   |  7 PagesMidterm Paper: The Effects of Eyewitness Testimony in the US Criminal Justice System On December 14th, 1982, Marvin Anderson was sentenced to 210 years in prison for crimes that he did not commit [1]. He was charged with rape, forcible sodomy, abduction, and robbery; these convictions were largely due to the eyewitness testimony made against him at trial [2]. During the investigation, a collection of photos was presented to the victim, where Anderson’s photo was the only one in color. Then, in aRead MoreEyewitness Identification, Criminal, And Criminal Law Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagestakes hold. You may think this cannot happen to you, but until we fix some major flaws with law enforcement, prosecution deals, and an overloaded system: This could happen to anyone. State prosecutors should not be able to convict anyone on eyewitness testimony only, without any other physical or forensic evidence. In eyewitness identification, in criminal law, evidence is received from a witness who has actually seen an event and can so testify in court.† (Law.com Legal Online Dictionary) While thisRead MoreEssay on Eyewitness Error1177 Words   |  5 Pagesmemories of one’s life is usually not detrimental, but the flawed nature of long-term and short-term memory functions becomes a serious matter in regards to criminal eyewitness testimony. In the justice system eyewitness reports are legitimate and can be crucial in the judging process. The justice system was constructed to rely on testimony that is often inaccurate and inconstant in many ways. The manner in which memories are constructed lends itself to errors. According to the constructive approachRead MoreFalse Witness Credibility : Mistaken Eyewitness Identification1231 Words   |  5 PagesWu Professor Harris ENC 1102 1 Dec. 2016 Research Project for False Witness Credibility: Mistaken Eyewitness Identification On May 3, 1982, in Norfolk, Virginia at circuit court, 29-year old Julius Earl Ruffin was convicted of a rape he did not commit and was sentenced to five life sentences in prison. The case rested on Ann Meng, the victim who accused Ruffin as her assailant. Mistaken eyewitness identifications contributed to more than 75 percent of the more than 200 wrongful convictions in falseRead MoreThe Role Of Eyewitness And Scientific Identifications854 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough Eyewitness and Scientific Identifications are important tools for the conviction of criminals, eyewitness testimony has proven to be persuasive evidence before a judge or jury but recent years of strong statistical research has proven that eyewitness identification is often unreliable. And can lead to atrocious acts such as wrongfully stripping an individual of his God given freedom for the majority of his or her life. Two prime examples of the detrimental impact that identifications haveRead MoreInjustices of the J ustice System1131 Words   |  5 PagesInjustices of the Justice System Today’s justice system is broken and flawed, with a history of falsely convicting innocent people due to a variety of things, including eyewitness misidentification, invalid or improper forensic testing, and even racial bias on the jury. Many wrongful convictions happen as a result of a combination of these things, and other causes can contribute in each individual case (â€Å"causes†). Countless people throughout history have been punished for crimes they did not commitRead MoreAccuracy Of Eyewitness Testimony1231 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Eyewitness testimony has been used as an important tool in the criminal justice system. When there is lack of other kinds of evidence, police often rely on eyewitness to find potential suspects. In court, eyewitness testimony is a kind of important evidence associates with DNA or other types of evidence. However, many psychologists think that it should not be used in the criminal justice system as most of the wrongful convictions were caused by inaccurate eyewitness testimony. AlthoughRead MoreTodd Willingham s Conviction Process1209 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped that involved professionals and eyewitness testimonies that concluded Willingham as guilty. Unfortunately, there were many flaws during the process of the investigation. The investigation had weak evidence with no scientific background, some prosecutors appeared bias, and the prosecution relied too much on eyewitness. The criminal justice system had many flaws when it came down to Willinghams prosecution and I blame the people involved in the system. After the tragic fire, two fire investigatorsRead MoreEssay on Problems with Eyewitness Testimony1395 Words   |  6 PagesEyewitness testimony has been used for many centuries and continues to be a part of our criminal justice system. Although, there has been many controversy debates on whether to allow the continuation of these testimonies in court, and allow it to be used as evidence. Eyewitness testimony can either be harmful or useful for an individual. We must fully analysis and see what certain factors (psychological, and age wise) come into the equation before coming up with final conclusions. A case study

Ethical Theories The Cyber Space Activity †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Ethical Theories Of The Cyber Space Activity? Answer: Introducation Cybercrime, also referred to as computer crime is any illegal activity that is carried out with the use of a computer or any device that can be used to access the internet, such as a mobile phone. The department of Justice has categorized cybercrime into three categories: crimes where the computer is employed as the weapon, crimes which involves the computer itself as the target and also where the computer has been used as an accessory to crime The internet has been the biggest invention ever since printing, and the more it has spread, cybercrime has also spread with the same magnitude, since a person does not now need to be present physically to commit a crime in a certain place. The internet also avails speed, anonymity, a borderless scope and convenience all which makes crime easier to carry out (("Cybercrime", 2017). Cybercrime can be explained in relation to classical ethical theory. To begin with, deontology holds that the actions of people are to be guided by moral laws; which are universal. Deontological ethics are drawn from the philosophy of Kants categorical imperative. He proposed that for an ethical school to appeal to all rational people, it had to be based on the reasoning of a rational person ("The Cambridge handbook of information and computer ethics", 2010). It is duty ethics, the actions of any individual are seen as performance of duty to act ethically towards other internet users, or the following of the rules laid down by country. Therefore, according to deontology, it was wrong for Mr. Tabalbag to use a phishing app to obtain information illegally from his wifes phone. This is clearly phone hacking because he used an app to gain unauthorized access to his wifes deleted messages and phone bills. Mr. Tabalbag in his use of the internet violated the duty a person has towards other cyber users and the state. He committed a cybercrime, because he used a computer and his phone as the tools in harming other people, his wife and her lover. Utilitarianism holds that the end justifies the means; that the right action is the one that will produce the greatest happiness or the best. Rule utilitarianism leads us to adopting the moral rules that would produce happiness if they were followed by everyone, while act utilitarianism leads us to do those actions that produce more happiness than unhappiness (Driver, 2017). Ethical hackers use their skill to benefit the society, thus it would be legal under utilitarian principles, Ethical hacking has been of tremendous benefit to many organizations. For instance, it has helped to strengthen national security.it has been used by the united states air force to evaluate their operating system; which is a contribution to the fight against terrorism and external threats. IBM also uses ethical hackers to keep their systems and those of their clients secure (Chao, 2017). Mr. Tabalbag did use a sort of a phishing app that could retrieve the deleted messages and phone bills of his partner. H e was suspicious that his wife was having an affair and the information he got helped him to catch her right in the act, so in a sense, the end justified the means. There are still some grey areas however. Despite the end justifying the means, his actions did not lead to happiness. If every suspicious spouse followed his cause of action many lovers affairs would be exposed, with several fatalities as in this case. It is hard to determine, now that Mr. Tabalbag actions of hacking into his wifes phone, and used another app to stalk her, whether he ended up happy or unhappier, now that he is in prison for manslaughter. Virtue ethics are normative ethical theories that are weighted on the virtues of mind and character. Ethics should thus be concerned with the character that is displayed by a moral agent, rather than the rules that are dictating what is right and what is wrong. According to Aristotle, a virtuous person is that person who has ideal character traits. He will display kindness across many situations because it is in their character to do so, rather than being in search of recognition or maximizing utility. Rules are hard to establish and the consequences are harder to perceive in cyberspace. Virtue ethics are therefore aimed at producing citizens that are digitally wise and will as a result be able to supervise their online activities. According to Aristotle these virtues cannot be taught theoretically, rather they can be learnt through experience, practice and the development of practical wisdom, which he referred to as phronesis.in cyberspace, they would be cyber prognosis, which would be implemented by students, parents, teachers and other stakeholders in the digital world ("Virtue Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", 2017). Thinking in the lines of virtual ethics, most cybercrime activities are wrong, because they reflect a weakness in character. If Mr. Tabalbag did not practice cyber prognosis, he went out of his way to gain unauthorized access to his wifes phone billing information and deleted text messages, which is not the behaviour that a virtuous user of the internet would exhibit. His aim was to maximize his utility; to catch his wife in the act. virtue ethics are aimed at producing people that are digitally wise, which was not reflected at all in his stalking and hacking tendencies.it is indeed important for virtue ethics to be taught to internet users, because had Mr. Tabalbag been bit more digitally wise, he would not have ended up with a murder, later reduced to manslaughter conviction. The contract theory states that there is an implicit social contract between that citizen and the country and the state that he lives and as a result that that citizen is obliged to abide by the moral and the legal issues of the state even if he would rather not. The social contract line if thought was mainly propagated by Thomas Hobbes. He theorized a situation where there was no law governing the society, where each person was free in every state of nature. He observed that though it would be a pleasant thing, people are motivated by their own self-interests, and the world would turn into a very unpleasant place. the solution would be therefore for each person to give up some of their absolute freedom and in exchange each person would give up an equal measure of their freedom ("Phil 2800 - 3 Ethical Theories", 2017). Phone hacking is the practice of manipulating or gaining unauthorized access to mobile phones. It is the use of telephone technology to steal information, which is wha t Mr. Tabalbag did, which is illegal. It is an illegal invasion of privacy. Phone hacking is covered in the law that regulates phone tapping and other ways of gathering information. It is an offence to gain information that is stored in information system, without a search warrant and or production order which has to be approved by a judge (Davies, 2017). There are other avenues that Mr. Tabalbag could have exploited to obtain information on his wifes account. He could have called the service provider and asking for a breakdown of texts and numbers called by his wife using his own phone account. Tracking a user using their cellphone is not illegal, but if the information is used in an abusive manner it becomes stalking and it is illegal. It would have been better if Mr. Tabalbag had informed his wife that he would be tracking his movements, given he had already voiced his suspicion that way, issues of privacy would not have emerged ("Cell Phone Monitoring: Is Mobile Surveillance Leg al?", 2017). Clearly cybercrime and privacy infringement do not only affect a society online. The consequences affect a society in their day to day lives. There is need for continual review of legislation to tame these vices as their scope widens with the spread in technology References Cell Phone Monitoring: Is Mobile Surveillance Legal?. (2017).TopTenReviews. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.toptenreviews.com/software/articles/cell-phone-monitoring-is-mobile-surveillance-legal/ Chao, O. (2017).Ethical Hacking ethical or unethical | IS1103 GRP 202.Blog.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://blog.nus.edu.sg/is1103grp202/2012/09/11/ethical-hacking-ethical-or-unethical/ Cybercrime. (2017).Tech Target. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from )https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/cybercrime Davies, N. (2017).The law on phone hacking and private data.the Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/jul/08/ripa-phone-hacking-law Driver, J. (2017).The History of Utilitarianism.Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/ Phil 2800 - 3 Ethical Theories. (2017).Ucs.mun.ca. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.ucs.mun.ca/~alatus/2800a/3EthicalTheories.html The Cambridge handbook of information and computer ethics. (2010).Choice Reviews Online,48(03), 48-1520-48-1520. https://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-1520 Virtue Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2017).Iep.utm.edu. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/virtue/

Leadership - Business Critical Perspective

Question: Discuss about the Leadership for Business Critical Perspective. Answer: Introduction Leadership refers to a quality that an individual carries to motivate other person to achieve the goals of them as well as of organization. It is a dynamic process in which only on individual is not responsible for the result of groups but all the members collectively commit to one goal that is achieved by all. A leader is a person who collects all the members and help to move them in one direction. He plays a very vital role as he build the team, help to bring development in individuals, and atleast they achieve the task. He is the one who understand the need of the members of the group. This assists to know each member individually and to maintain good relations between the two that results in trust and honesty. The flow of communication will also improve by effective leadership. A leader directs the members to optimize the resources in a proper way. He plans, controls, direct, organizes, motivates, etc the group of people to attain the future goals. In this present study, we will study about the leaders and their practices that helped the business organization. We also earn the problems faced by them in the leadership. There will be a description on the various styles and theories of the leaders that helps us to understand leadership in a better way. Leadership brings power and power helps to influence the people. This is how the big leaders brought revolutionary changes in the society. As power has the capability to exert the influence in either positive or negative direction. Influence refers to any sort of actions that helps to change the attitude r behavior of any individual. In this study, there will be example of three leaders who have different leadership styles and approaches. There will be a justification on all of them will be mentioned to understand all of them in a better way. Afterwards the study will continue with the impacts of their styles and approaches on the business and business environment. Leaders and their qualities Susie Burrell She is one of the leading dietitians of Australia. She is a nutrition and psychologist, who is helping thousand of Australian children and athletes to achieve their health and nutritional values without any diet and deprivation (Burrell, 2012). The reason to choose her as a leader is that she is a young inspiration to all the Australian children. She has the caliber to mange her personal and social life. The decision making of Susie is very effective and wise. She is very initiative as she taken decision to improve the quality of the food poducts produced and consumed by the consumers. For this, she influenced not only the producers but also the media and regulatory authorities to supply only nutritional and healthy food for the consumers. She has worked on many projects to implement such decision on the society. As a woman, she has to manage between the personal life and career. She manages things, organized them, and manages the time effectively, where many of us left exhaust ("New approaches to leadership", 2011). As a leader, there is a need to maintain self-motivation and self discipline. The major quality of leader is that he or she does not panic in worst situations. They take it as challenegs and face them. Through their motivation, they are able to cope up with critical situations. They not only direct others but also themselves too. They remain self motivated, their goals are clear, and try to coach them self to achieve greatness (Halsall, 2015). Susie as a leader Her basic skill as a leader is to notice and relate every person who comes to her professional life. She uses her interpersonal skills and knowledge to identify the interest and needs of each individuals. Then she draws plans to motivate and help them by various methods. Her personal belief is that every individual should have lots of energy and good health in order to influence others in a positive manner. She said that one should live in an environment that inspires and motivates you (Gunzel-Jensen, Jain, Kjeldsen, 2016). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization Her leadership qualities are very unique and soothing. This type of leader remains very kind-hearted and down-to-earth for the employees of an organization. Such leadership qualities are helpful to maintain good relations in the organization. The environment of the organization remains very friendly and happy. As these leaders focus specifically on the employee's needs and wants. These types of leaders are very dynamic in nature. They tend to change situations and mould according to the need and requirement. They take interest in challenges and face the problems in very positive way. Despite of running out form the issues they patiently hold them and try to find effective solutions for the same (Goldsmith, Baldoni, McArthur, 2010). Cindy Hook Cindy hook is the CEO of the Deloitte Australia. She was the chief executive of the same company and spent most of her time in identifying the qualities of leaders, developing leaders and how to build team of leaders. This is the only key of success of her journey. According to her, there are six points by which a general person can become a successful leader. The first point is that to become effective and great leaders there is need to know and indentify you. If a person can bring himself and his beliefs, values, ethics, etc into the leadership then it would be the best leadership out of all. This kind of leadership will be authentic in nature, real and genuine. It carries a truthfulness and kindness that helps to achieve the goals of the organizational and its employees. Qualities of Cindy Hook as a leader The leaders must crystallize their views and directions so that they are clear for their goals and objectives. The leaders must have t self aware about the process and methods by which they have to go through to become an effective leader. She suggested that one should try to do all this in their life because such things are very important. Every individual carries some leadership skills with them. The only issue is not every one try to identify those skills (O'Mullane, 2011). According to her, the leaders should carry vitality and health. Only a healthy person can take wealthy decisions. Health and well-being is a way by which one can manage both the performances either individuals or organizations. She said that hard work will help to deliver effective and proven results. There is no substitute and alternatives available for hard work. To be a successful leader, there is a need to do hard work. Hard work refers to dedication of work and time as well. It gives consistent and relevant results which is very important for leaders. The prime role of every leader is to provide effective and efficient results. However, it is not possible to achieve 100% effectiveness in each work done by you. But, there should be at least 90% of effectiveness presents in the results. According to the businesses, the main task of leaders is to maximize the profits and overall growth of the company. To achieve this, the leaders have to balance between the goals of the organizational and also the employees. They also have to turn the challenges into opportunities to be an effective leader (Bennister, 2016). Cindy hook mentioned that a leader should be loyal to the organization in which he is working. She said that it is a myth that to have better future and career there is a need to switch the jobs frequently. There is a need to analyze that where an individual is working and what are the needs of that organization. According to her longevity is very important and its paid off as she gave 30 years at Deloitte. She claimed that there is a special power that lays n team work. This cannot be achieved individually. To be an effective leader there is a need to build a team around you and if you are unable to do so than you are not a leader. These types of individuals are knows as sole contributors. The leaders have to consider them as innovators. They have to invite challenges and find effective ways to come out of them with bright colors. The leaders should have the capability to learn and listen which is the most effective quality of him. He has to globalize himself by understanding the nature and culture of other countries and their organizations. As the world is becoming smaller, and the businesses becoming larger, there is an emergence of critical style of leadership in all the organist ions. The leaders should always try to seek global experience from different sources. It doesnt mean that one should have to go on world tour. It is not possible for everyone. But if an individual want to have knowledge of global world it can be achieved through studies, books, literatures, etc. You can take different projects related to different countries. It helps leaders to grasp knowledge about the future. It also provides ways to forecast the future needs (Normore, 2010). A leader must be ready for the upcoming future challenges and issues because he is the one who have to face and handle the same. Future decisions are not merely taken by technical skills. Instead, there is need to broaden your thinking and minds capabilities to bring new ideas related to future. This process will be initiated through curiosity and urge to learn more. To get ready for future challenges, one should become ready for today (Dansereau, Seitz, Chiu, Shaughnessy, Yammarino, 2013). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization Cindy Hook is one of the effective leaders of Australia. Her leader style is very new and innovative. She is not an autocratic leader but a democratic leader. She believes in ideas and thinking of others. This type of leaders is very impactful as they inspire all the people around them. These types of leaders are very open to new challenges which are very important in every business organization. Every company wants a leader who can manage the employees in an efficient manner (Rogers, 2012). Leaders like her are very creative and broad minded. They are spiritual and believe the culture of others. Such leaders are influenced by the team work and team building and they believe in the same. They try to divide the work in groups of people to decrease the burden and load. Such qualities will help organizations to achieve success in a very shorter period of time (Owen, 2015). Cindy hooks mentioned that she believes in long relations with the organization in which employees work. This approach helps companies to decrease the employee turnover ratio. Such leaders motivate the employees to retain in the organisation and provide their best for the future benefits of the company as well as for them. She said it is good to retain and find the problems that can be solved by you. Such leaders are very quick in analyzing the needs and want of employees and try to fulfill them (Pearson, 2012). Diann Feldman Diann Feldman is managing director of Greenleaf centre for servant leadership in Queensland. She has discussed the philosophy of servant leadership from different perspective. In this study we will discuss and compare her philosophies with other prominent leaders, implementation of theses philosophies and her version of leadership styles in business organization (Peleg, 2012). She believes that an effective leadership should serve people and communities as a role model of Christ. Her leadership theories are different from other theories. To reach at this stage of leadership she has faced lots of struggles in her life since 90s. It was believed in 90s that leaders are the persons who are known and famous rather than individuals to every other. This theory was not fit with her fundamental beliefs and faith. According to others, the leader is on who is powerful. Though, it is true that a leader is a person who has more power than others but the intentions behind the use of power decides the style of leadership. Every human being has their power of choice and freedom, and each one in powerful in their own manner (Stippler, 2011). She believes that a leader has some inherent faiths and values that help him to become leader. There is a need of practical nature and understanding towards the work in leadership. She said that leadership is a result of in-tact relationship between the followers and the leaders. Any person can become a leader as the leaders are not appointed. Instead, there is a need to identify the opportunity that come in your way and also to analyze that how one can act like a leader in such situations (Cullen Yammarino, 2014). In todays era, the leaders are very violent and disguise the leadership as they take advantages form the authority. The corporate leaders of companies try to decide the fate of the employees by their own; they are least concerned and try to worst the situation which is not the part of leadership. Such leaders are not the one who can generate other leaders, this type of leaders ahs followers due to the terror, fear, power, security needs, alter ego, or some other reasons. Though, many companies believe in autocratic leaders but they are not effective one (Townsend, 2011). Qualities of Diann Feldman as a leader Leaders are the persons who are generous, caring, respect others, who always try to build relation with other. Such leaders are opposite of above mentioned leaders. They have many qualities that help business to grow and develop. Such leaders engages themselves to achieve more through employees, make effective relations, perform hark work in critical situations, remain committed to the companies, and always try to keep the heart, soul and themselves in work. These leaders are the heroes of the organization. The aim of these leaders is not only to make corporation successful but also to provide this success to each employee working in that company. Throughout their life, they earned love and respect from the employees and staff members, they are honest and available all the time for work, and they take difficult decision, take stand with others, they listen to others ideas and inputs, and direct people in one direction (Van Wart, 2010). According to her leaders are developed with time and circumstances they have to lead the situations. She said that, conscious choice brings one to lead. It refers to the decisions that are made by leaders that started their journey of leadership. From that point of time, the awareness and development of leadership initiates. According to her traits are build, acquired and developed. The traits of an effective leaders is not dictatorship and dominate, they are care and share. Leadership is something that will gradually grow with thee time, and it will enhance with experiences. Leadership is a type of natural emergence within an individual that will come out at times. But sometimes, it is the result of accidental situations that will help to develop leader in an individual (Chapparamani, 2012). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization This type of leadership brings authenticity that helps to influence the corporate, companies, organizations, etc. It also generates and enlightens the work of organizations in a way that they bring heart and mind of employees into the organizations. The true meaning of leadership is not power but to understand the relationship between the leaders and followers that is very important in every organization. The effective leadership helps to acknowledge the journey of employees in the organization and generate a strong desire in other people to serve others. It eliminates the nature of self-centered individuals and transforms them into more caring and serving society. It will also help to transmit the behavior of organization from a master to a serving other organization. This type of leadership is the best suited as it helps to change the thinking, beliefs, actions and leadership style (Burrell, 2012). Her strategy to apply leadership skills in organization by using the power of each employee, ask them to share their own leadership skills, to act as a role model, and to share their own ideas about leadership. In this way, she can raise awareness and interest of employees towards leadership. She uses to tell them stories of many famous leaders and apply them practically in the areas where they are required. She initiates many workshops, tours, dialogue group, internet chat, etc. as an emerging knowledge for the employees. In this way, her leadership approaches and styles help many organizations to establish an effective leadership in organizations (Davies, 2012). Recommendations As discussed above there are many problems faced by leaders. Due to poor and ineffective leadership styles many companies have to face inefficiency. There is some measure that should be adopted by the companies to improve the leadership styles. The leaders should have new experiences regarding leadership that comprises of volunteering, mentoring, etc. it provides a platform for leaders to enhance their skills. The leaders also have to follow specific guidelines and their directions must be clear in n organisation. It helps in empowerment and development of the leaders. Leaders should have certain skills, knowledge, qualifications, training, etc that differentiate him or her from others. The achievement of above written qualities of leaders can be achieved through workshops and programmers. Organizations who want to enhance the skills of their leaders should initiate these programs in their organization. This help to make employees aware about the leadership skills. These workshops must provide training on communication skills, management, education, basic knowledge of organization, practical training, etc. These training also help organizations and employees to identify the future and potential leaders of the organization. Conclusion In this study, we understand the requirement of the leaders as they are the utmost need to complete the functions of any organization. The proper utilization of teams and groups can be done with the help of leaders. They help to create cohesiveness in the companies. It is said that the leaders are born not created but if certain trainings are provided then any one can become a leaders. The only need is to identify the potential and brush up the skills. This can be achieved through training, development programs, workshops, etc. We have studied about leaders of Australia that helps students to know that how a general persona can become a leader through his hard and smart work. If an individual effectively apply all the leadership styles on him in a positive way then it is not impossible for him to be successful leader. The great leaders are created through hard work and dedication n who give their hundred percent to achieve the goals and objectives. References Bailey, M., (2016). Sipplement shows way for uni-busniess collaboration, [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.afr.com/leadership/management Bennister, M. (2016). Editorial: New Approaches to Political Leadership. Pag, 4(2), 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i2.683 Burrell, S. (2012). Susie Burrell. [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.leadershipforwomen.com.au/empowerment/leadership/susie-burrell Chapparamani, D. (2012). Leadership Approaches. GRA, 3(2), 141-142. https://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/february2014/45 Cullen, K. Yammarino, F. (2014). Special issue on collective and network approaches to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 180-181. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.12.005 Dansereau, F., Seitz, S., Chiu, C., Shaughnessy, B., Yammarino, F. (2013). What makes leadership, leadership? Using self-expansion theory to integrate traditional and contemporary approaches. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(6), 798-821. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.008 Davies, L. (2012). Australian centre for leadership for women, [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.leadershipforwomen.com.au/empowerment/leadership-gender-articles/issues-oriented-leadership/libby-davies Goldsmith, M., Baldoni, J., McArthur, S. (2010). The AMA handbook of leadership. New York: American Management Association. Gunzel-Jensen, F., Jain, A., Kjeldsen, A. (2016). Distributed leadership in health care: The role of formal leadership styles and organizational efficacy. Leadership. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715016646441 Halsall, R. (2015). The role of CEO (auto-) biographies in the dissemination of neo-ascetic leadership styles. Leadership. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715015591861 Korff. J., (2015). Michael Anderson-interview with an aboriginal leader, [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/politics/michael-anderson-interview-with-an-aboriginal-leader New approaches to leadership. (2011). Veterinary Record, 168(18), 494-494. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d2855 Normore, A. (2010). Global perspectives on educational leadership reform. Bingley: Emerald. O'Mullane, M. (2011). University leadership. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Owen, J. (2015). Integrative and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Leadership Development. New Directions For Student Leadership, 2015(145), 49-58. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yd.20123 Pearson, C. (2012). The transforming leader. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Peleg, S. (2012). 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The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work Essay Example

The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work Essay To see the procedure and pattern of acknowledging immature people into residential attention today it is of import to hold an consciousness of the history of residential kid attention. The 2nd half of the nineteenth century saw the debut of Children s places by altruists such as Victorian Gentleman William Quarrier and the Reverend Jupp. Residential kid attention was provided in groups of little bungalows normally in rural locations. Residential kid attention today still contains charitable/voluntary intercessions. ( RGU 2007 ) Prior to 1983 there was no specific statute law that controlled the admittance of immature people into unafraid adjustment, an exclusion to this was if a immature individual was convicted of a serious offense through the condemnable tribunals. In these fortunes the Secretary of State had the power to put the immature individual in a topographic point of security. A hearing could call a specific school for a immature individual or kid but it was left to the caput of the constitution as to whether or non the arrangement was in a secure or unfastened scene. This meant that the kid could be moved between the units within the residential constitution without informing the hearing system. This raised concerns that the European Convention of Human Rights was being breached by Scotland. The three caputs of the bing constitutions and the Scots office set out standards for admittance into unafraid adjustment. This resulted in new statute law being added to the wellness and societal services an d societal adjudications Act ( 1993 ) which took consequence from 1st February 1984. ( Secure in the Knowledge, 2005, p7, p8 ) We will write a custom essay sample on The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Scandals that led to public questions affecting the criterions of residential attention for kids and immature people have besides contributed to the higher degree of attention now provided. Evidences for referral: The grounds a kid or immature individual is referred to the newsman and kids s hearing system vary, the kid may hold been abused physically or sexually or both. They may hold been absent from school without sensible cause, offended, been a victim of an offense or intimidation, misused drugs or intoxicant, be out with parental control, or any combination of these could be evidences for referral. ( Children s hearings 2011 ) Referral: The foundation of the kids s hearing system has laid out the undermentioned guidelines for the kids s newsman and panel. When a Reporter receives a referral, they will set about an initial probe to make up ones mind what class of action, if any, is in the kid or immature individual s best involvements. The Reporter has to see whether there is adequate grounds to back up the evidences of the referral and so make up ones mind whether mandatory steps of supervising are required. The Reporter has statutory discretion when make up ones minding the following measure, they may aˆ? decide that no farther action is required. The kid or immature individual and normally the parent or appropriate individual will be informed of any determination in authorship. aˆ? refer the kid or immature individual to the local authorization so that advice, counsel and/or aid can be given on an informal and voluntary footing. This normally involves support from a societal worker. aˆ? arrange a kids s hearing because they consider that compulsory steps of supervising are required for the kid. A kids s hearing panel is made up of three members of the populace who have had preparation in this country. It must be made up of both male and female members and purposes to hold a balance of age and experience. One of the panel members will chair the hearing. The hearing thinks about and makes determinations on the public assistance of the kid or immature individual, taking into history all of the relevant fortunes, including any hazard pickings and offending behaviors. ( ibid ) Harmonizing to Geting it Right for Every Child ( GIRFEC ) Consultation Pack on the Review of the Children s Hearings System, the most common determination for disposal of a hearing is a supervising demand. This means that the kid will hold contact with a societal worker or other identified professional on a regular footing. The kid or immature individual will hold to run into certain standards. This is every bit good as other people and professionals holding to make specific undertakings to work with the kid or immature individual. A supervising demand can hold any status attached if the hearing thinks it will assist the kid or immature individual. The local authorization has to set the supervising demand into action. Some illustrations of conditions attached to disposals are: seeing your appointed societal worker on a regular basis ; go toing a particular programme to turn to their behaviors ; being placed in surrogate attention or in a residential school or in a secure unit because of peculiar concerns ; victim-awareness and/or mediation. ( GIRFEC ) Pre-admission: Requests for arrangements must usually be made by Practice Team Workers. Exceptions to this are out-of-hours Referrals from the Emergency Social Work Services or exigency Referrals through the Criminal Justice system from Court Social Workers. Once initial petitions for arrangement are received and considered appropriate, and so the mentioning worker will be required to finish our Secure Referrals Application Form. This will so be considered by the following meeting of the Secure Referral Group. The chief rules that guide this determination are: Secure Accommodation must merely be used as the last resort and all unafraid arrangements must be for the shortest clip possible. ( Edinburgh Secure Services 2009 ) It is ever better if there is a passage program put into topographic point for a kid or immature individual coming into attention but this is non ever available as the kid or immature individual may hold a secure warrant attached to them or they may hold to be accommodated imideatly for their safety or the safety of others. Admission: The admittance procedure is the same for all kids and immature people who are come ining the attention system. This is nevertheless a more relaxed procedure if the kid or immature individual has a planned passage into attention. A passage program follows a basic four hebdomad program. This is non set in rock but the principals are. Week 1 initiation, this is a opportunity for the keyworker to go familiar with the immature individual s background and file, do hazard appraisals based on the available information and start to develop a passage program. Week 2 passage program, this will include run intoing the immature individual discoursing the attention program and seting a passage program with visits to the unit into topographic point. Week 3 presenting the immature individual to the unfastened unit through meeting staff and other immature people, Week 4 edifice on Week 3, within the secure environment there would be readying for terminations. The keyworker from the secure unit would besides see the immature individual in the unfastened unit during the move and one time they have moved to supply support for their passage. ( ibid ) By following these guidelines the injury of being admitted into attention can be minimised although the kid or immature individual will still endure the feelings of loss and separation from their household, community and equals. Elizabeth, Kubler Ross describes the phases of separation and loss as D.A.B.D.A, Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance. These phases of heartache can besides be applied to a immature individual traveling into attention and will non needfully follow any set order. ( Kubler Ross, 1969 ) Anthropologist Kalervo Oberg discussed four phases of civilization daze which an person can travel through when come ining a unusual civilization. These phases can besides be related to a immature individual come ining into attention. The four phases of civilization daze are described as, the honeymoon period, the crisis stage, the accommodation stage and version. Young people coming into attention frequently display behaviors that they would non usually utilize, this will include being truly quiet, angry, violent, hostil and submissive before they accept the new surroundings they find themselves in. Staff in the unit can besides help in a less traumatic passage by helping the immature individual to adorn their sleeping room with postings and personal effects to do them experience more at place. Facilitating contact with parents or callings and guaranting the kid is made to experience welcome in the unit by presenting them to the other occupants and staff. Institutionalism is the syndrome which is now used to depict a set of ill adapted behavior that are induced by the force per unit areas of life in any institutional scene . ( McNown, Miriam. Johnson Rhodes, Rita. 2007 ) There is ever a danger of going institutionalized when remaining in attention for extended periods, by seeking to advance a sense of ego and personal individuality within the immature people this is less likely to go on. If a immature individual is to be secured under subdivision 70 of the Children ( Scotland ) Act 1995 they have no engagement in the designation of a arrangement. The resources available may intend that the kid is placed out with their geographical country. This is an institutional response which is in direct struggle with the rights of the kid ; thought besides needs to be given to statutory demands and the jurisprudence. The national attention criterions for attention describe what each single kid should anticipate from their clip in attention. The relevant subdivision is get downing your stay criterions 1-7. The criterions are grouped under headers that follow the kid or immature individual s journey through the service. The important 1s in this instance are Get downing your stay ( criterions 1 to 7 ) 1 Arriving for the first clip 2 First meetings 3 Keeping in touch with people who are of import to you 4 Support agreements 5 Your environment 6 Feeling safe and secure 7 Management and staffing agreement By following these criterions admittance injury can be minimized and the immature individual will be able to go on to hold a sense of ego and personal individuality. Forming new fond regards is another country that a immature individual coming into attention can happen debatable, a firmly attached kid, harmonizing to, Mary Ainsworth, in the Strange Situation survey, exhibit hurt when separated from health professionals. Edinburgh kids and Families section are now working towards an fond regard advancing theoretical account of attention. This will work in concurrence with anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory pattern. It is vitally of import to us that immature people are able to develop their individuality within a positive environment. Therefore, we will non digest any unjust intervention or favoritism of immature people which is based on their age, gender, civilization, race, spiritual patterns or beliefs, sexual orientation or so any other feature of the immature individual that they have a right to keep or show . ( Edinburgh Secure Services 2009 ) In 1989, authoritiess worldwide promised all kids the same rights by following the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. These rights are based on what a kid needs to last, turn, take part and carry through their possible. They apply every bit to every kid, irrespective of who they are, or where they are from. ( GIRFEC ) Within the attention puting it is critical that all kids have entree to a kids s rights officer to move as an advocator for the immature people who are looked after by Children households Services. The Care Commission was set up in April 2002 under the Regulation of Care ( Scotland ) Act 2001 Regulation of Care ( Scotland ) Act 2001 to modulate all grownup, kid and independent health care services in Scotland. From 1 April 2011 a new regulative organic structure, Social Care and Social Work Improvement Scotland ( SCSWIS ) , is responsible for modulating societal services. ( National Care Standards )

Marketing Research for Decision Making Process

Marketing Research for Decision Making Process The marketing research links the marketer to the consumer through information. In order to facilitate decision making process, marketing research should aim at collecting adequate information concerning consumers because marketing forms the basis of a company’s strategy. The information may include the consumers medical condition, investments, income, phone calls, travel patterns e.t.c.Marketing research is necessary in new product execution, pricing , promotion as well as products distribution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Research for Decision Making Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A firm basically survives by producing goods and services that meets the consumer needs in i.e. creating goods and services that the consumers are able and willing to buy. Thus ascertaining the demands of consumers before introducing a new product in the industry is necessary for the future viability of a fir m. The information that a firm may collect before launching a new product includes the information about the preference of the firms’ products as compared to those of competitors, the consumers average income, information as to whether the consumers are ready to appreciate the newly launched products, the spending culture of the consumers among others. It is essential for a firm to access data concerning the consumers so as to compare the sales of a product with another similar product or sales in a given area as compared to another area and then take the necessary marketing actions such as pricing the products in a way that is affordable for the consumers. This will enable the firm to add value to their products and also to come up with alternative products that matches with the needs of the consumers so as to maintain the existing customers as well as attracting others It is essential for a company to access as much information as possible from the consumers so as to be abl e to determine as to whether the firm is up to date with the latest innovations .Innovations nowadays is the key to the organizational growth and those organizations that are lagging behind the latest technology e.g. failure to use internet e.t.c.are finding it difficult to maintain their market share because the competitors are discovering new ideas and concepts each and every day. Therefore, the information that a firm could collect with regards to innovation includes the age of the consumers, information regarding the access to computers, phones e.t.c. so as to develop products that suits the needs of various needs. For instance, entertainment gadgets such as iPods are mainly used by the youth as compared to old people and therefore a firm that produces i Pods needs to target the youths mostly in its advertising. There is a need for a firm to conduct market research so as to take advantage of the dynamic market placeAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Le t's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketing research information enables a firm to determine the attitude that the consumers have towards a certain product or its advertising. Consumers may be consuming a certain product due to lack of alternative and so they will tend to shy away from buying the same products once another product with different features is introduced into the market and so rendering the firm to loss a portion of its market niche. Another important reason as to why an organization needs to collect as much data as possible concerning consumers is to be able to know the trends in the market place and determine as to whether the firm will continue to offer the product at a given area or not. If customers reveal a high level of satisfaction, then the organization may continue to offer the products with the existing features and if a certain product does not satisfy the consumers, the firm may decide to diversify the product or abolish it all together and focus on those products that are readily available.

Analytical tools in making decisions concerning increasing commodity Essay

Analytical tools in making decisions concerning increasing commodity price - Essay Example The government is the referee in making sure that there is fairness in the business. Economics being a social science it revolves the behavioral aspect of the human life which is imposed by the scarcity of resources in a person life. In a market the interaction between the sellers result what is called economic equilibrium which results the issue of competitiveness in the market. The term economics is a broad discipline that consists of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics Microeconomics is a branch of economics that mainly deals with the decision that the agents of the market make while conducting business. The agents of the market are the people and businesses. In essence the study of microeconomics deals with basics of the market. It is more of specific than general. Microeconomics tries to bring the relevance of the small agents in the market that could be neglected but are very important in the study of economics. The consumers provide the market while the suppliers and the businesses provide with the goods and services. The major dwelling of microeconomics is in the supply and demand forces that operate in the market. The supply forces refers to the availability of goods and services to the market while the demand refers to the availability of customers of various products and services in the market. These forces are crucial in the determination of the price of various commodities in the market. The higher the demand it would mean that the goods and services are in short supply while the lower the demand it means the goods and services are in high supply. Thus in high demand the prices are in sky rocketing while in low demand the price are very low than normal (Zhang, 2005) Macroeconomics This is a branch of economics that mainly the whole industry in the market rather than a specific entity like a company. It tries to look an economy at a wide view e.g. the general economy of the country. In macroeconomics, issues such as the GDP are keenly followed and how they are affected by factors such as price levels, unemployment and the rate of growth. The two terms lead to a better understanding of economics. There could be some differences between them but they still deal with study of production, distribution and consumption of goods. In our module we have greatly dealt with microeconomics which entails eh study of the behavioral aspects and factors affecting the agents of economy. There are various theories that try to explain the term economics. These are the supply and demand theory and the classical theory. The supply and demand theory of economics mainly entails looking at the two forces in the market that entirely explains the relationship between the buyers and sellers. The other theory is the classical theory which entirely concentrates on the equilibrium in the market which operates in the market when the market is not interrupted. The theory mainly stresses on the factor that the market should operate freely withou t any interference (Adams, 2008). Analytical tools in making decisions concerning increasing commodity price The price of any product affects the sales of any company, which exponentially affects the profits acquired by the company. In any decision making process of any profitable company coming up with price rise is usually a tricky situation as it directly touches on the customers’ feelings. At the price level is where the company directly interacts with the customers. Price increase cannot be done overnight but it is usually as a result of many factors that contribute to this course. It is mainly as a result of

International Market Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Market Research - Essay Example Along with that, the interactive setting can help the moderator focus on the non verbal aspects of the participants, i.e., the expression, attitude of the individual etc, which can help in giving clearer insight of the participants’ beliefs. Also, the possibility of screening each participant lets the researcher know who is involved in the discussion process, e.g., a competitor maybe. In our case, if the majority of our participants are the buyers, it can help us gain a better understanding as to what their demands and hence, queries entail(Patton, 1990). The observation method of conducting research is developed to observe individuals in their natural setting. There can be participant and non- participant observations. This method helps in overcoming issues of validity. It also helps in covering those areas which are not easily accessible through means of speech communication, for example, when an individual isn’t cooperating in disclosing certain information. Observat ions can also help researchers in studying trends of a particular market in great detail and how the attitudes of the buyers are affecting those trends.