What Is Attachment Theory Definition and Stages

Attachment describes the deep, long-term bonds that form between two people. John Bowlby originated attachment theory to explain how these bonds form between an infant and a caregiver, and Mary Ainsworth later expanded on his ideas. Since it was initially introduced, attachment theory has become one of the most well-known and influential theories in the field of psychology. Key Takeaways: Attachment Theory Attachment is a deep, emotional bond that forms between two people.According to psychologist John Bowlby, in the context of evolution, children’s attachment behaviors evolved to make sure they could successfully remain under the protection of their caregivers in order to survive.Bowlby specified four phases of child-caregiver attachment development: 0-3 months, 3-6 months, 6 months to 3 years, and 3 years through the end of childhood.Expanding on Bowlbys ideas, Mary Ainsworth pointed to three attachment patterns: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and resistant attachment. A fourth attachment style, disorganized attachment, was later added. Origins of Attachment Theory While working with maladjusted and delinquent children in the 1930s, psychologist John Bowlby noticed that these children had trouble forming close relationships with others. He looked into the children’s family histories and noticed that many of them had endured disruptions in their home lives at an early age. Bowlby came to the conclusion that the early emotional bond established between a parent and their child is key to healthy development. As a result, challenges to that bond could have consequences that impact a child throughout their lifetime. Bowlby delved into a number of perspectives to develop his ideas, including psychodynamic theory, cognitive and developmental psychology, and ethology (the science of human and animal behavior within the context of evolution). The result of his work was attachment theory. At the time, it was believed that babies become attached to their caregivers because they fed the baby. This behaviorist perspective, saw attachment as a learned behavior. Bowlby offered a different perspective. He said that human development should be understood in the context of evolution. Infants survived throughout much of human history by ensuring they stayed in close proximity to adult caregivers. Children’s attachment behaviors evolved to make sure the child could successfully remain under the protection of their caregivers. Consequently, the gestures, sounds, and other signals infants give off to attract the attention of and maintain contact with adults are adaptive. Phases of Attachment Bowlby specified four phases during which children develop attachment to their caretakers. Phase 1: Birth to 3 Months From the time they’re born, infants show a preference for looking at human faces and listening to human voices. During the first two to three months of life, infants respond to people but they don’t distinguish between them. At around 6 weeks, the sight of human faces will elicit social smiles, in which babies will happily smile and make eye contact. While the baby will smile at any face that appears in their line of sight, Bowlby suggested that social smiling increases the chances that the caretaker will respond with loving attention, promoting attachment. The baby also encourages attachment with caregivers through behaviors like babbling, crying, grasping, and sucking. Each behavior brings the infant in closer contact with the caregiver and further promotes bonding and emotional investment. Phase 2: From 3 to 6 Months When infants are about 3 months old, they start to differentiate between people and they begin to reserve their attachment behaviors for the people they prefer. While they’ll smile and babble at the people they recognize, they won’t do more than stare at a stranger. If they cry, their favorite people are better able to comfort them. Babies’ preferences are restricted to two to three individuals and they usually favor one person in particular. Bowlby and other attachment researchers often assumed this individual would be the infant’s mother, but it could be anyone who most successfully responded to and had the most positive interactions with the baby. Phase 3: From 6 Months to 3 Years At about 6 months, babies’ preference for a specific individual becomes more intense, and when that individual leaves the room, the infants will have separation anxiety. Once babies learn to crawl, they will also attempt to actively follow their favorite person. When this individual returns after a period of absence, babies will enthusiastically greet them. Starting at about 7 or 8 months old, babies will also start to fear strangers. This can manifest itself as anything from a bit of extra caution in the presence of a stranger to crying at the sight of someone new, especially in an unfamiliar situation. By the time babies are a year old, they have developed a working model of their favored individual, including how well they respond to the child. Phase 4: From 3 Years Until Childhood Ends Bowlby didn’t have as much to say about the fourth stage of attachment or the way attachments continued to impact people after childhood. He did observe, however, that at around 3 years old, children start to comprehend that their caretakers have goals and plans of their own. As a result, the child is less concerned when the caretaker leaves for a period of time. The Strange Situation and Patterns of Infant Attachment After moving to England in the 1950s, Mary Ainsworth became John Bowlby’s research assistant and long-term collaborator. While Bowlby had observed that children exhibited individual differences in attachment, it was Ainsworth who undertook the research on infant-parent separations that established a better understanding of these individual differences. The method Ainsworth and her colleagues developed for assessing these differences in one-year-old children was called the â€Å"Strange Situation.† The Strange Situation consists of two brief scenarios in a lab in which a caregiver leaves the infant. In the first scenario, the infant is left with a stranger. In the second scenario the infant is briefly left alone and then joined by the stranger. Each separation between caregiver and child lasted about three minutes. Ainsworth and her colleagues’ observations of the Strange Situation led them to identify three different patterns of attachment. A fourth attachment style was later added based on the findings from further research. The four attachment patterns are: Secure Attachment: Infants who are securely attached use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the world. They will venture out to explore away from the caregiver, but if theyre frightened or in need of reassurance, they will return. If the caregiver leaves they will get upset just as all babies will. Yet, these children are confident that their caregiver will return. When that happens they will greet the caregiver with joy.Avoidant Attachment: Children who exhibit avoidant attachment are insecure in their attachment to the caregiver. Avoidantly attached children will not become overly distressed when their caregiver leaves, and upon their return, the child will deliberately avoid the caregiver.Resistant Attachment: Resistant attachment is another form of insecure attachment. These children become extremely upset when the parent leaves. However, when the caregiver returns their behavior will be inconsistent. They may initially seem happy to see the caregiver only to become resistant if the caregiver attempts to pick them up. These children often respond angrily to the caregiver; however, they also display moments of avoidance as well.Disorganized Attachment: The final attachment pattern is most often displayed by children who have been subject to abuse, neglect, or other inconsistent parenting practices. Children with a disorganized attachment style seem to be disoriented or confused when their caregiver is present. They seem to view the caregiver as a source of both comfort and fear, leading to disorganized and conflicting behaviors. Research has demonstrated that early attachment styles have consequences that reverberate for the rest of an individual’s life. For instance, someone with a secure attachment style in childhood will have better self-esteem as they grow up and will be able to form strong, healthy relationships as adults. On the other hand, those with an avoidant attachment style as children may be unable to become emotionally invested in their relationships and have difficulty sharing their thoughts and feelings with others. Similarly those who had a resistant attachment style as one-year-olds have difficulty forming relationships with others as adults, and when they do, often question whether their partners truly love them. Institutionalization and Separation The necessity of forming attachments early in life has serious implications for children who grow up in institutions or are separated from their parents when theyre young. Bowlby observed that children who grow up in institutions often don’t form an attachment to any adult. While their physical needs are attended to, because their emotional needs aren’t fulfilled, they don’t bond with anyone as infants and then seem incapable of forming loving relationships when they get older. Some research has suggested that therapeutic interventions might help make up for the deficits these children experienced. However, other events have demonstrated that children that haven’t developed attachments as infants continue to suffer from emotional issues. Further research is still required on this topic, however, one way or another, it seems clear that development proceeds best if children are able to bond with a caretaker in their first years of life. Separation from attachment figures in childhood can also lead to emotional problems. In the 1950s, Bowlby and James Robertson found that when children were separated from their parents during extended hospital stays—a common practice at the time—it led to a great deal of suffering for the child. If children were kept from their parents for too long, they seemed to stop trusting people, and like the institutionalized children, were no longer able to form close relationships. Fortunately, Bowlby’s work resulted in more hospitals allowing parents to stay with their young children. Implications for Child-Rearing Bowlby and Ainsworth’s work on attachment suggests that parents should see their babies as fully equipped to signal what they need. So when babies cry, smile, or babble, parents should follow their instincts and respond. Children with parents who promptly respond to their signals with care tend to be securely attached by the time they are a year old. This doesn’t mean that parents should take the initiative to go to the child when the child hasnt signaled. If the parent insists on attending to the child whether the infant is signaling their desire for attention or not, Bowlby said the child can become spoiled. Bowlby and Ainsworth felt, instead, caretakers should simply be available while letting their child pursue their own independent interests and explorations. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Bowlby Ainsworth: What is Attachment Theory?† Verywell Mind, 21 September 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attachment-theory-2795337Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"The Different Types of Attachment Styles† Verywell Mind, 24 June 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/attachment-styles-2795344Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.Fraley, R. Chris and Phillip R. Shaver. â€Å"Attachment Theory and Its Place in Contemporary Personality Theory and Research.† Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 3rd ed., edited by Oliver P. John, Richard W. Robins, and Lawrence A. Pervin, The Guilford Press, 2008, pp. 518-541.McAdams, Dan. The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5th ed., Wiley, 2008.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Attachment Theory.† Simply Psychology, 5 February 2017. https://www.simplypsychology.org/attachment.html

Walt Disney The Greatest Animation Studios - 1481 Words

Through his creation of his many acclaimed theatrical films, space exploration videos, and Walt Disney World, Walt Disney explored the world of animation and built the foundation for the family entertainment business; he also exchanged his animation and film techniques and styles with the world, and encountered many obstacles in his journey becoming one of the most well-known and inspiring person in the world; Walt Disney Animation Studios, founded by Disney, is the greatest animation studios to this day, and has broken boundaries in many fields. Walt Disney was born in 1901 to Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, in Chicago, Illinois. He was the fourth of five children. Soon after, the family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri; there Disney discovered his love for drawing and sketching. He eventually took interest in a nearby railroad and the engineering process. In his later years he took night classes at the Academy of Fine Arts. When World War I struck, Disney tried to enlist, but instead went overseas to drive ambulances for the Red Cross as he was underage. His ambulance was unique as it was covered in Disney characters. Five years after the war in 1919, Disney traveled to Kansas, where he started his career in animation working at the Posman-Rubin Commercial Art Studio. He founded his first business, started producing short films called Laugh-O-Grams which became popular and allowed Disney to explore the animation process, created his first original animatedShow MoreRelatedDisney : A Dreaming Nonconformist1353 Words   |  6 PagesDisney: A Dreaming Nonconformist Society has a rule book, it lists how we should act and think and be. Some people decide to disregard the rule book and write their own. These people are daring, different, and sometimes even seen as impractical but often they leave a lasting impact on our lives. I know of many people who fit this description, but none more influential on our lives today than Walt Disney. Walt Disney was a producer of motion-pictures and television shows. He was a showman and isRead MoreWalt Disney Has A Vast Effect On My Personal Journey As An Artist1321 Words   |  6 PagesWalt Disney has a vast effect on my personal journey as an artist. From Walt Disney’s childhood and humble beginning in Marceline, Missouri, to creation of the Walt Disney Animation Studios of today, Walt’s story is one of perseverance. His story is one I have felt a unique connection too, and although there are some clear correlations and definite distinctions between our life experiences and art, I aspire to match his greatness. Walt Disney’s unconventional life experiences led to his variedRead MoreDisney s Strengths Of Disney945 Words   |  4 PagesDisney Studio s main focus is on idea generation and storytelling through film and animation. 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An Analysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby Essay

Kate Chopin life and her short story Dà ©sirà ©e’s Baby Chopin was an American novelist and she also wrote many short stories. Chopin was a feminist pioneer movement on American literature and the world. Chopin was born in St. Louis Missouri on February 8, 1850. Her father was an Irish immigrant who was a very successful businessman. Chopin father died when she was a little girl. For that reason, she grew up with her mother and grandmother since she was a child. She was an insatiable reader and that was her favory pass time. Chopin developed a fine taste for a literature in general, what make her select for her readings the greater and important master of that time. Chopin uses to read novels, poetry, and classics as well as religious topics. Chopin husband Oscar died 12 years later after their married. Oscar leaves her with six children and financial debt, that was passed on to her. As consequence, she decided to move with her kids to her mom house. However, her mom also died a year later. As a result of her losses she fell into depress ion, making her life more difficult. Chopin was advised by her doctor to put her feelings and thoughts into writing. Chopin took the therapy to her heart and started writing inmiadiatly. As a consequence, she emerged as a successful writer with a brilliant professional career, that also provided her a source of income for her family. Chopin first novel was At Fault, that is part of her short stories work , that was firstShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Desiree s Baby By Kate Chopin1446 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Desiree’s Baby In the story Desiree s Baby by Kate Chopin the plot mainly revolves around race issues and also includes elements of sexism. In terms of race the difference between being white and being black shows vital importance in the characters lives through the story. As Desiree and Armand both originally associate themselves with the white class, once the plot unveils their black heritage they are faced with uncertainty, and ultimately their lives become meaninglessRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby 987 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of people are compromised.† Kate Chopin’s story, â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is a story solely of racial identity, sexism, pride and love. Throughout, there’s symbolism to indicate unequal gender functions, as well as racial prejudice. Readers become mindful of the effects love and pride has over actions, as the story foreshadows numerously. Thoroughly, analytical evidence will focus on the irony of racial identity, symbolism of sexism, pride and love. 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Chopin, Kate Desiree’s Baby. Short Stories (print 7/14/2015). In the short story, Desiree’s Baby, written by Kate Chopin there is a about of karma and consequences that produce the drama on the literature. The storyRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby 951 Words   |  4 Pagesa major problem in the late nineteenth century. In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†, there were characters with extreme views towards race which led to a gruesome death. The major conflicts in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† are from Armand assuming what he thought about Desiree was right, and not taking another answer that could be a possibility. Armand was the antagonist of the story and struggles against the beliefs that the country has about race. 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Eyewitness Testimony On The Criminal Justice System

Psychological research shows that eyewitness testimony is not always accurate; therefore it should not be used in the criminal justice system. Discuss. Word Count: 2,589 There has been considerable interest and study in the accuracy or inaccuracy of the use of eyewitness testimonies in the current criminal justice system. Results collated by several studies add to the bulk of literature suggesting that the current usage of eyewitness testimony by the legal system is far from ideal. Currently, high emphasis is being placed on reviewing and reconsidering eyewitness accounts (Leinfelt, 2004). In particular, recent DNA exoneration cases have substantiated the warnings of eyewitness identification researchers by showing that mistaken eyewitness identification was the largest single factor contributing to the conviction of innocent people (Wells Olson, 2003). In this essay, the use of eyewitness testimony in the criminal justice system will be explored, with a particular focus on the impreciseness of this practice. Although Although theoretically conferencing may be seen as a viable alternative for adolescents to court proceedings, and indeed some evidence suggests it reduces recidivism, it will ultimately be concluded that the success of restorative justice programs depends on more than just its ability to reduce recidivism, and thus it will not always provide a useful alternative to more traditional criminal justice approaches. The concept ofShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Eyewitness Testimonies On The Criminal Justice System2734 Words   |  11 PagesEyewitnesses are critical to the criminal justice system, but there have been issues involving eyewitness testimonies, which occasionally cause them to be seen as unreliable. 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After the tragic fire, two fire investigatorsRead MoreEssay on Problems with Eyewitness Testimony1395 Words   |  6 PagesEyewitness testimony has been used for many centuries and continues to be a part of our criminal justice system. Although, there has been many controversy debates on whether to allow the continuation of these testimonies in court, and allow it to be used as evidence. Eyewitness testimony can either be harmful or useful for an individual. We must fully analysis and see what certain factors (psychological, and age wise) come into the equation before coming up with final conclusions. A case study

Ethical Theories The Cyber Space Activity †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Ethical Theories Of The Cyber Space Activity? Answer: Introducation Cybercrime, also referred to as computer crime is any illegal activity that is carried out with the use of a computer or any device that can be used to access the internet, such as a mobile phone. The department of Justice has categorized cybercrime into three categories: crimes where the computer is employed as the weapon, crimes which involves the computer itself as the target and also where the computer has been used as an accessory to crime The internet has been the biggest invention ever since printing, and the more it has spread, cybercrime has also spread with the same magnitude, since a person does not now need to be present physically to commit a crime in a certain place. The internet also avails speed, anonymity, a borderless scope and convenience all which makes crime easier to carry out (("Cybercrime", 2017). Cybercrime can be explained in relation to classical ethical theory. To begin with, deontology holds that the actions of people are to be guided by moral laws; which are universal. Deontological ethics are drawn from the philosophy of Kants categorical imperative. He proposed that for an ethical school to appeal to all rational people, it had to be based on the reasoning of a rational person ("The Cambridge handbook of information and computer ethics", 2010). It is duty ethics, the actions of any individual are seen as performance of duty to act ethically towards other internet users, or the following of the rules laid down by country. Therefore, according to deontology, it was wrong for Mr. Tabalbag to use a phishing app to obtain information illegally from his wifes phone. This is clearly phone hacking because he used an app to gain unauthorized access to his wifes deleted messages and phone bills. Mr. Tabalbag in his use of the internet violated the duty a person has towards other cyber users and the state. He committed a cybercrime, because he used a computer and his phone as the tools in harming other people, his wife and her lover. Utilitarianism holds that the end justifies the means; that the right action is the one that will produce the greatest happiness or the best. Rule utilitarianism leads us to adopting the moral rules that would produce happiness if they were followed by everyone, while act utilitarianism leads us to do those actions that produce more happiness than unhappiness (Driver, 2017). Ethical hackers use their skill to benefit the society, thus it would be legal under utilitarian principles, Ethical hacking has been of tremendous benefit to many organizations. For instance, it has helped to strengthen national security.it has been used by the united states air force to evaluate their operating system; which is a contribution to the fight against terrorism and external threats. IBM also uses ethical hackers to keep their systems and those of their clients secure (Chao, 2017). Mr. Tabalbag did use a sort of a phishing app that could retrieve the deleted messages and phone bills of his partner. H e was suspicious that his wife was having an affair and the information he got helped him to catch her right in the act, so in a sense, the end justified the means. There are still some grey areas however. Despite the end justifying the means, his actions did not lead to happiness. If every suspicious spouse followed his cause of action many lovers affairs would be exposed, with several fatalities as in this case. It is hard to determine, now that Mr. Tabalbag actions of hacking into his wifes phone, and used another app to stalk her, whether he ended up happy or unhappier, now that he is in prison for manslaughter. Virtue ethics are normative ethical theories that are weighted on the virtues of mind and character. Ethics should thus be concerned with the character that is displayed by a moral agent, rather than the rules that are dictating what is right and what is wrong. According to Aristotle, a virtuous person is that person who has ideal character traits. He will display kindness across many situations because it is in their character to do so, rather than being in search of recognition or maximizing utility. Rules are hard to establish and the consequences are harder to perceive in cyberspace. Virtue ethics are therefore aimed at producing citizens that are digitally wise and will as a result be able to supervise their online activities. According to Aristotle these virtues cannot be taught theoretically, rather they can be learnt through experience, practice and the development of practical wisdom, which he referred to as phronesis.in cyberspace, they would be cyber prognosis, which would be implemented by students, parents, teachers and other stakeholders in the digital world ("Virtue Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", 2017). Thinking in the lines of virtual ethics, most cybercrime activities are wrong, because they reflect a weakness in character. If Mr. Tabalbag did not practice cyber prognosis, he went out of his way to gain unauthorized access to his wifes phone billing information and deleted text messages, which is not the behaviour that a virtuous user of the internet would exhibit. His aim was to maximize his utility; to catch his wife in the act. virtue ethics are aimed at producing people that are digitally wise, which was not reflected at all in his stalking and hacking tendencies.it is indeed important for virtue ethics to be taught to internet users, because had Mr. Tabalbag been bit more digitally wise, he would not have ended up with a murder, later reduced to manslaughter conviction. The contract theory states that there is an implicit social contract between that citizen and the country and the state that he lives and as a result that that citizen is obliged to abide by the moral and the legal issues of the state even if he would rather not. The social contract line if thought was mainly propagated by Thomas Hobbes. He theorized a situation where there was no law governing the society, where each person was free in every state of nature. He observed that though it would be a pleasant thing, people are motivated by their own self-interests, and the world would turn into a very unpleasant place. the solution would be therefore for each person to give up some of their absolute freedom and in exchange each person would give up an equal measure of their freedom ("Phil 2800 - 3 Ethical Theories", 2017). Phone hacking is the practice of manipulating or gaining unauthorized access to mobile phones. It is the use of telephone technology to steal information, which is wha t Mr. Tabalbag did, which is illegal. It is an illegal invasion of privacy. Phone hacking is covered in the law that regulates phone tapping and other ways of gathering information. It is an offence to gain information that is stored in information system, without a search warrant and or production order which has to be approved by a judge (Davies, 2017). There are other avenues that Mr. Tabalbag could have exploited to obtain information on his wifes account. He could have called the service provider and asking for a breakdown of texts and numbers called by his wife using his own phone account. Tracking a user using their cellphone is not illegal, but if the information is used in an abusive manner it becomes stalking and it is illegal. It would have been better if Mr. Tabalbag had informed his wife that he would be tracking his movements, given he had already voiced his suspicion that way, issues of privacy would not have emerged ("Cell Phone Monitoring: Is Mobile Surveillance Leg al?", 2017). Clearly cybercrime and privacy infringement do not only affect a society online. The consequences affect a society in their day to day lives. There is need for continual review of legislation to tame these vices as their scope widens with the spread in technology References Cell Phone Monitoring: Is Mobile Surveillance Legal?. (2017).TopTenReviews. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.toptenreviews.com/software/articles/cell-phone-monitoring-is-mobile-surveillance-legal/ Chao, O. (2017).Ethical Hacking ethical or unethical | IS1103 GRP 202.Blog.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://blog.nus.edu.sg/is1103grp202/2012/09/11/ethical-hacking-ethical-or-unethical/ Cybercrime. (2017).Tech Target. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from )https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/cybercrime Davies, N. (2017).The law on phone hacking and private data.the Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/jul/08/ripa-phone-hacking-law Driver, J. (2017).The History of Utilitarianism.Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/ Phil 2800 - 3 Ethical Theories. (2017).Ucs.mun.ca. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.ucs.mun.ca/~alatus/2800a/3EthicalTheories.html The Cambridge handbook of information and computer ethics. (2010).Choice Reviews Online,48(03), 48-1520-48-1520. https://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-1520 Virtue Ethics | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2017).Iep.utm.edu. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/virtue/

Leadership - Business Critical Perspective

Question: Discuss about the Leadership for Business Critical Perspective. Answer: Introduction Leadership refers to a quality that an individual carries to motivate other person to achieve the goals of them as well as of organization. It is a dynamic process in which only on individual is not responsible for the result of groups but all the members collectively commit to one goal that is achieved by all. A leader is a person who collects all the members and help to move them in one direction. He plays a very vital role as he build the team, help to bring development in individuals, and atleast they achieve the task. He is the one who understand the need of the members of the group. This assists to know each member individually and to maintain good relations between the two that results in trust and honesty. The flow of communication will also improve by effective leadership. A leader directs the members to optimize the resources in a proper way. He plans, controls, direct, organizes, motivates, etc the group of people to attain the future goals. In this present study, we will study about the leaders and their practices that helped the business organization. We also earn the problems faced by them in the leadership. There will be a description on the various styles and theories of the leaders that helps us to understand leadership in a better way. Leadership brings power and power helps to influence the people. This is how the big leaders brought revolutionary changes in the society. As power has the capability to exert the influence in either positive or negative direction. Influence refers to any sort of actions that helps to change the attitude r behavior of any individual. In this study, there will be example of three leaders who have different leadership styles and approaches. There will be a justification on all of them will be mentioned to understand all of them in a better way. Afterwards the study will continue with the impacts of their styles and approaches on the business and business environment. Leaders and their qualities Susie Burrell She is one of the leading dietitians of Australia. She is a nutrition and psychologist, who is helping thousand of Australian children and athletes to achieve their health and nutritional values without any diet and deprivation (Burrell, 2012). The reason to choose her as a leader is that she is a young inspiration to all the Australian children. She has the caliber to mange her personal and social life. The decision making of Susie is very effective and wise. She is very initiative as she taken decision to improve the quality of the food poducts produced and consumed by the consumers. For this, she influenced not only the producers but also the media and regulatory authorities to supply only nutritional and healthy food for the consumers. She has worked on many projects to implement such decision on the society. As a woman, she has to manage between the personal life and career. She manages things, organized them, and manages the time effectively, where many of us left exhaust ("New approaches to leadership", 2011). As a leader, there is a need to maintain self-motivation and self discipline. The major quality of leader is that he or she does not panic in worst situations. They take it as challenegs and face them. Through their motivation, they are able to cope up with critical situations. They not only direct others but also themselves too. They remain self motivated, their goals are clear, and try to coach them self to achieve greatness (Halsall, 2015). Susie as a leader Her basic skill as a leader is to notice and relate every person who comes to her professional life. She uses her interpersonal skills and knowledge to identify the interest and needs of each individuals. Then she draws plans to motivate and help them by various methods. Her personal belief is that every individual should have lots of energy and good health in order to influence others in a positive manner. She said that one should live in an environment that inspires and motivates you (Gunzel-Jensen, Jain, Kjeldsen, 2016). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization Her leadership qualities are very unique and soothing. This type of leader remains very kind-hearted and down-to-earth for the employees of an organization. Such leadership qualities are helpful to maintain good relations in the organization. The environment of the organization remains very friendly and happy. As these leaders focus specifically on the employee's needs and wants. These types of leaders are very dynamic in nature. They tend to change situations and mould according to the need and requirement. They take interest in challenges and face the problems in very positive way. Despite of running out form the issues they patiently hold them and try to find effective solutions for the same (Goldsmith, Baldoni, McArthur, 2010). Cindy Hook Cindy hook is the CEO of the Deloitte Australia. She was the chief executive of the same company and spent most of her time in identifying the qualities of leaders, developing leaders and how to build team of leaders. This is the only key of success of her journey. According to her, there are six points by which a general person can become a successful leader. The first point is that to become effective and great leaders there is need to know and indentify you. If a person can bring himself and his beliefs, values, ethics, etc into the leadership then it would be the best leadership out of all. This kind of leadership will be authentic in nature, real and genuine. It carries a truthfulness and kindness that helps to achieve the goals of the organizational and its employees. Qualities of Cindy Hook as a leader The leaders must crystallize their views and directions so that they are clear for their goals and objectives. The leaders must have t self aware about the process and methods by which they have to go through to become an effective leader. She suggested that one should try to do all this in their life because such things are very important. Every individual carries some leadership skills with them. The only issue is not every one try to identify those skills (O'Mullane, 2011). According to her, the leaders should carry vitality and health. Only a healthy person can take wealthy decisions. Health and well-being is a way by which one can manage both the performances either individuals or organizations. She said that hard work will help to deliver effective and proven results. There is no substitute and alternatives available for hard work. To be a successful leader, there is a need to do hard work. Hard work refers to dedication of work and time as well. It gives consistent and relevant results which is very important for leaders. The prime role of every leader is to provide effective and efficient results. However, it is not possible to achieve 100% effectiveness in each work done by you. But, there should be at least 90% of effectiveness presents in the results. According to the businesses, the main task of leaders is to maximize the profits and overall growth of the company. To achieve this, the leaders have to balance between the goals of the organizational and also the employees. They also have to turn the challenges into opportunities to be an effective leader (Bennister, 2016). Cindy hook mentioned that a leader should be loyal to the organization in which he is working. She said that it is a myth that to have better future and career there is a need to switch the jobs frequently. There is a need to analyze that where an individual is working and what are the needs of that organization. According to her longevity is very important and its paid off as she gave 30 years at Deloitte. She claimed that there is a special power that lays n team work. This cannot be achieved individually. To be an effective leader there is a need to build a team around you and if you are unable to do so than you are not a leader. These types of individuals are knows as sole contributors. The leaders have to consider them as innovators. They have to invite challenges and find effective ways to come out of them with bright colors. The leaders should have the capability to learn and listen which is the most effective quality of him. He has to globalize himself by understanding the nature and culture of other countries and their organizations. As the world is becoming smaller, and the businesses becoming larger, there is an emergence of critical style of leadership in all the organist ions. The leaders should always try to seek global experience from different sources. It doesnt mean that one should have to go on world tour. It is not possible for everyone. But if an individual want to have knowledge of global world it can be achieved through studies, books, literatures, etc. You can take different projects related to different countries. It helps leaders to grasp knowledge about the future. It also provides ways to forecast the future needs (Normore, 2010). A leader must be ready for the upcoming future challenges and issues because he is the one who have to face and handle the same. Future decisions are not merely taken by technical skills. Instead, there is need to broaden your thinking and minds capabilities to bring new ideas related to future. This process will be initiated through curiosity and urge to learn more. To get ready for future challenges, one should become ready for today (Dansereau, Seitz, Chiu, Shaughnessy, Yammarino, 2013). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization Cindy Hook is one of the effective leaders of Australia. Her leader style is very new and innovative. She is not an autocratic leader but a democratic leader. She believes in ideas and thinking of others. This type of leaders is very impactful as they inspire all the people around them. These types of leaders are very open to new challenges which are very important in every business organization. Every company wants a leader who can manage the employees in an efficient manner (Rogers, 2012). Leaders like her are very creative and broad minded. They are spiritual and believe the culture of others. Such leaders are influenced by the team work and team building and they believe in the same. They try to divide the work in groups of people to decrease the burden and load. Such qualities will help organizations to achieve success in a very shorter period of time (Owen, 2015). Cindy hooks mentioned that she believes in long relations with the organization in which employees work. This approach helps companies to decrease the employee turnover ratio. Such leaders motivate the employees to retain in the organisation and provide their best for the future benefits of the company as well as for them. She said it is good to retain and find the problems that can be solved by you. Such leaders are very quick in analyzing the needs and want of employees and try to fulfill them (Pearson, 2012). Diann Feldman Diann Feldman is managing director of Greenleaf centre for servant leadership in Queensland. She has discussed the philosophy of servant leadership from different perspective. In this study we will discuss and compare her philosophies with other prominent leaders, implementation of theses philosophies and her version of leadership styles in business organization (Peleg, 2012). She believes that an effective leadership should serve people and communities as a role model of Christ. Her leadership theories are different from other theories. To reach at this stage of leadership she has faced lots of struggles in her life since 90s. It was believed in 90s that leaders are the persons who are known and famous rather than individuals to every other. This theory was not fit with her fundamental beliefs and faith. According to others, the leader is on who is powerful. Though, it is true that a leader is a person who has more power than others but the intentions behind the use of power decides the style of leadership. Every human being has their power of choice and freedom, and each one in powerful in their own manner (Stippler, 2011). She believes that a leader has some inherent faiths and values that help him to become leader. There is a need of practical nature and understanding towards the work in leadership. She said that leadership is a result of in-tact relationship between the followers and the leaders. Any person can become a leader as the leaders are not appointed. Instead, there is a need to identify the opportunity that come in your way and also to analyze that how one can act like a leader in such situations (Cullen Yammarino, 2014). In todays era, the leaders are very violent and disguise the leadership as they take advantages form the authority. The corporate leaders of companies try to decide the fate of the employees by their own; they are least concerned and try to worst the situation which is not the part of leadership. Such leaders are not the one who can generate other leaders, this type of leaders ahs followers due to the terror, fear, power, security needs, alter ego, or some other reasons. Though, many companies believe in autocratic leaders but they are not effective one (Townsend, 2011). Qualities of Diann Feldman as a leader Leaders are the persons who are generous, caring, respect others, who always try to build relation with other. Such leaders are opposite of above mentioned leaders. They have many qualities that help business to grow and develop. Such leaders engages themselves to achieve more through employees, make effective relations, perform hark work in critical situations, remain committed to the companies, and always try to keep the heart, soul and themselves in work. These leaders are the heroes of the organization. The aim of these leaders is not only to make corporation successful but also to provide this success to each employee working in that company. Throughout their life, they earned love and respect from the employees and staff members, they are honest and available all the time for work, and they take difficult decision, take stand with others, they listen to others ideas and inputs, and direct people in one direction (Van Wart, 2010). According to her leaders are developed with time and circumstances they have to lead the situations. She said that, conscious choice brings one to lead. It refers to the decisions that are made by leaders that started their journey of leadership. From that point of time, the awareness and development of leadership initiates. According to her traits are build, acquired and developed. The traits of an effective leaders is not dictatorship and dominate, they are care and share. Leadership is something that will gradually grow with thee time, and it will enhance with experiences. Leadership is a type of natural emergence within an individual that will come out at times. But sometimes, it is the result of accidental situations that will help to develop leader in an individual (Chapparamani, 2012). Impact of leadership skills practice in an organization This type of leadership brings authenticity that helps to influence the corporate, companies, organizations, etc. It also generates and enlightens the work of organizations in a way that they bring heart and mind of employees into the organizations. The true meaning of leadership is not power but to understand the relationship between the leaders and followers that is very important in every organization. The effective leadership helps to acknowledge the journey of employees in the organization and generate a strong desire in other people to serve others. It eliminates the nature of self-centered individuals and transforms them into more caring and serving society. It will also help to transmit the behavior of organization from a master to a serving other organization. This type of leadership is the best suited as it helps to change the thinking, beliefs, actions and leadership style (Burrell, 2012). Her strategy to apply leadership skills in organization by using the power of each employee, ask them to share their own leadership skills, to act as a role model, and to share their own ideas about leadership. In this way, she can raise awareness and interest of employees towards leadership. She uses to tell them stories of many famous leaders and apply them practically in the areas where they are required. She initiates many workshops, tours, dialogue group, internet chat, etc. as an emerging knowledge for the employees. In this way, her leadership approaches and styles help many organizations to establish an effective leadership in organizations (Davies, 2012). Recommendations As discussed above there are many problems faced by leaders. Due to poor and ineffective leadership styles many companies have to face inefficiency. There is some measure that should be adopted by the companies to improve the leadership styles. The leaders should have new experiences regarding leadership that comprises of volunteering, mentoring, etc. it provides a platform for leaders to enhance their skills. The leaders also have to follow specific guidelines and their directions must be clear in n organisation. It helps in empowerment and development of the leaders. Leaders should have certain skills, knowledge, qualifications, training, etc that differentiate him or her from others. The achievement of above written qualities of leaders can be achieved through workshops and programmers. Organizations who want to enhance the skills of their leaders should initiate these programs in their organization. This help to make employees aware about the leadership skills. These workshops must provide training on communication skills, management, education, basic knowledge of organization, practical training, etc. These training also help organizations and employees to identify the future and potential leaders of the organization. Conclusion In this study, we understand the requirement of the leaders as they are the utmost need to complete the functions of any organization. The proper utilization of teams and groups can be done with the help of leaders. They help to create cohesiveness in the companies. It is said that the leaders are born not created but if certain trainings are provided then any one can become a leaders. The only need is to identify the potential and brush up the skills. This can be achieved through training, development programs, workshops, etc. We have studied about leaders of Australia that helps students to know that how a general persona can become a leader through his hard and smart work. If an individual effectively apply all the leadership styles on him in a positive way then it is not impossible for him to be successful leader. The great leaders are created through hard work and dedication n who give their hundred percent to achieve the goals and objectives. References Bailey, M., (2016). Sipplement shows way for uni-busniess collaboration, [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.afr.com/leadership/management Bennister, M. (2016). Editorial: New Approaches to Political Leadership. Pag, 4(2), 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i2.683 Burrell, S. (2012). Susie Burrell. [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.leadershipforwomen.com.au/empowerment/leadership/susie-burrell Chapparamani, D. (2012). Leadership Approaches. GRA, 3(2), 141-142. https://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/february2014/45 Cullen, K. Yammarino, F. (2014). Special issue on collective and network approaches to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 180-181. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.12.005 Dansereau, F., Seitz, S., Chiu, C., Shaughnessy, B., Yammarino, F. (2013). What makes leadership, leadership? Using self-expansion theory to integrate traditional and contemporary approaches. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(6), 798-821. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.008 Davies, L. (2012). Australian centre for leadership for women, [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.leadershipforwomen.com.au/empowerment/leadership-gender-articles/issues-oriented-leadership/libby-davies Goldsmith, M., Baldoni, J., McArthur, S. (2010). The AMA handbook of leadership. New York: American Management Association. Gunzel-Jensen, F., Jain, A., Kjeldsen, A. (2016). Distributed leadership in health care: The role of formal leadership styles and organizational efficacy. Leadership. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715016646441 Halsall, R. (2015). The role of CEO (auto-) biographies in the dissemination of neo-ascetic leadership styles. Leadership. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715015591861 Korff. J., (2015). Michael Anderson-interview with an aboriginal leader, [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/politics/michael-anderson-interview-with-an-aboriginal-leader New approaches to leadership. (2011). Veterinary Record, 168(18), 494-494. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d2855 Normore, A. (2010). Global perspectives on educational leadership reform. Bingley: Emerald. O'Mullane, M. (2011). University leadership. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Owen, J. (2015). Integrative and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Leadership Development. New Directions For Student Leadership, 2015(145), 49-58. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yd.20123 Pearson, C. (2012). The transforming leader. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Peleg, S. (2012). Educational Leadership Approaches and Trends. Education Journal, 1(1), 9. https://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.edu.20120101.13 Rogers, R. (2012). Leadership communication styles: a descriptive analysis of health care professionals. Journal Of Healthcare Leadership, 47. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jhl.s30795 Servantleadership.com, (2012). Servant leadership, [Online]. Accessed on: 4 October 2016. Available at: https://www.leadershipforwomen.com.au/empowerment/servant-leadership Stippler, M. (2011). Leadership. [Gu?tersloh, Germany]: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung. Townsend, T. (2011). School leadership in the twenty-first century: different approaches to common problems?. School Leadership Management, 31(2), 93-103. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2011.572419 Van Wart, M. (2010). Two Approaches to Leadership Studies. Public Administration Review, 70(4), 650-653. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02191.x

The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work Essay Example

The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work Essay To see the procedure and pattern of acknowledging immature people into residential attention today it is of import to hold an consciousness of the history of residential kid attention. The 2nd half of the nineteenth century saw the debut of Children s places by altruists such as Victorian Gentleman William Quarrier and the Reverend Jupp. Residential kid attention was provided in groups of little bungalows normally in rural locations. Residential kid attention today still contains charitable/voluntary intercessions. ( RGU 2007 ) Prior to 1983 there was no specific statute law that controlled the admittance of immature people into unafraid adjustment, an exclusion to this was if a immature individual was convicted of a serious offense through the condemnable tribunals. In these fortunes the Secretary of State had the power to put the immature individual in a topographic point of security. A hearing could call a specific school for a immature individual or kid but it was left to the caput of the constitution as to whether or non the arrangement was in a secure or unfastened scene. This meant that the kid could be moved between the units within the residential constitution without informing the hearing system. This raised concerns that the European Convention of Human Rights was being breached by Scotland. The three caputs of the bing constitutions and the Scots office set out standards for admittance into unafraid adjustment. This resulted in new statute law being added to the wellness and societal services an d societal adjudications Act ( 1993 ) which took consequence from 1st February 1984. ( Secure in the Knowledge, 2005, p7, p8 ) We will write a custom essay sample on The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Scandals that led to public questions affecting the criterions of residential attention for kids and immature people have besides contributed to the higher degree of attention now provided. Evidences for referral: The grounds a kid or immature individual is referred to the newsman and kids s hearing system vary, the kid may hold been abused physically or sexually or both. They may hold been absent from school without sensible cause, offended, been a victim of an offense or intimidation, misused drugs or intoxicant, be out with parental control, or any combination of these could be evidences for referral. ( Children s hearings 2011 ) Referral: The foundation of the kids s hearing system has laid out the undermentioned guidelines for the kids s newsman and panel. When a Reporter receives a referral, they will set about an initial probe to make up ones mind what class of action, if any, is in the kid or immature individual s best involvements. The Reporter has to see whether there is adequate grounds to back up the evidences of the referral and so make up ones mind whether mandatory steps of supervising are required. The Reporter has statutory discretion when make up ones minding the following measure, they may aˆ? decide that no farther action is required. The kid or immature individual and normally the parent or appropriate individual will be informed of any determination in authorship. aˆ? refer the kid or immature individual to the local authorization so that advice, counsel and/or aid can be given on an informal and voluntary footing. This normally involves support from a societal worker. aˆ? arrange a kids s hearing because they consider that compulsory steps of supervising are required for the kid. A kids s hearing panel is made up of three members of the populace who have had preparation in this country. It must be made up of both male and female members and purposes to hold a balance of age and experience. One of the panel members will chair the hearing. The hearing thinks about and makes determinations on the public assistance of the kid or immature individual, taking into history all of the relevant fortunes, including any hazard pickings and offending behaviors. ( ibid ) Harmonizing to Geting it Right for Every Child ( GIRFEC ) Consultation Pack on the Review of the Children s Hearings System, the most common determination for disposal of a hearing is a supervising demand. This means that the kid will hold contact with a societal worker or other identified professional on a regular footing. The kid or immature individual will hold to run into certain standards. This is every bit good as other people and professionals holding to make specific undertakings to work with the kid or immature individual. A supervising demand can hold any status attached if the hearing thinks it will assist the kid or immature individual. The local authorization has to set the supervising demand into action. Some illustrations of conditions attached to disposals are: seeing your appointed societal worker on a regular basis ; go toing a particular programme to turn to their behaviors ; being placed in surrogate attention or in a residential school or in a secure unit because of peculiar concerns ; victim-awareness and/or mediation. ( GIRFEC ) Pre-admission: Requests for arrangements must usually be made by Practice Team Workers. Exceptions to this are out-of-hours Referrals from the Emergency Social Work Services or exigency Referrals through the Criminal Justice system from Court Social Workers. Once initial petitions for arrangement are received and considered appropriate, and so the mentioning worker will be required to finish our Secure Referrals Application Form. This will so be considered by the following meeting of the Secure Referral Group. The chief rules that guide this determination are: Secure Accommodation must merely be used as the last resort and all unafraid arrangements must be for the shortest clip possible. ( Edinburgh Secure Services 2009 ) It is ever better if there is a passage program put into topographic point for a kid or immature individual coming into attention but this is non ever available as the kid or immature individual may hold a secure warrant attached to them or they may hold to be accommodated imideatly for their safety or the safety of others. Admission: The admittance procedure is the same for all kids and immature people who are come ining the attention system. This is nevertheless a more relaxed procedure if the kid or immature individual has a planned passage into attention. A passage program follows a basic four hebdomad program. This is non set in rock but the principals are. Week 1 initiation, this is a opportunity for the keyworker to go familiar with the immature individual s background and file, do hazard appraisals based on the available information and start to develop a passage program. Week 2 passage program, this will include run intoing the immature individual discoursing the attention program and seting a passage program with visits to the unit into topographic point. Week 3 presenting the immature individual to the unfastened unit through meeting staff and other immature people, Week 4 edifice on Week 3, within the secure environment there would be readying for terminations. The keyworker from the secure unit would besides see the immature individual in the unfastened unit during the move and one time they have moved to supply support for their passage. ( ibid ) By following these guidelines the injury of being admitted into attention can be minimised although the kid or immature individual will still endure the feelings of loss and separation from their household, community and equals. Elizabeth, Kubler Ross describes the phases of separation and loss as D.A.B.D.A, Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance. These phases of heartache can besides be applied to a immature individual traveling into attention and will non needfully follow any set order. ( Kubler Ross, 1969 ) Anthropologist Kalervo Oberg discussed four phases of civilization daze which an person can travel through when come ining a unusual civilization. These phases can besides be related to a immature individual come ining into attention. The four phases of civilization daze are described as, the honeymoon period, the crisis stage, the accommodation stage and version. Young people coming into attention frequently display behaviors that they would non usually utilize, this will include being truly quiet, angry, violent, hostil and submissive before they accept the new surroundings they find themselves in. Staff in the unit can besides help in a less traumatic passage by helping the immature individual to adorn their sleeping room with postings and personal effects to do them experience more at place. Facilitating contact with parents or callings and guaranting the kid is made to experience welcome in the unit by presenting them to the other occupants and staff. Institutionalism is the syndrome which is now used to depict a set of ill adapted behavior that are induced by the force per unit areas of life in any institutional scene . ( McNown, Miriam. Johnson Rhodes, Rita. 2007 ) There is ever a danger of going institutionalized when remaining in attention for extended periods, by seeking to advance a sense of ego and personal individuality within the immature people this is less likely to go on. If a immature individual is to be secured under subdivision 70 of the Children ( Scotland ) Act 1995 they have no engagement in the designation of a arrangement. The resources available may intend that the kid is placed out with their geographical country. This is an institutional response which is in direct struggle with the rights of the kid ; thought besides needs to be given to statutory demands and the jurisprudence. The national attention criterions for attention describe what each single kid should anticipate from their clip in attention. The relevant subdivision is get downing your stay criterions 1-7. The criterions are grouped under headers that follow the kid or immature individual s journey through the service. The important 1s in this instance are Get downing your stay ( criterions 1 to 7 ) 1 Arriving for the first clip 2 First meetings 3 Keeping in touch with people who are of import to you 4 Support agreements 5 Your environment 6 Feeling safe and secure 7 Management and staffing agreement By following these criterions admittance injury can be minimized and the immature individual will be able to go on to hold a sense of ego and personal individuality. Forming new fond regards is another country that a immature individual coming into attention can happen debatable, a firmly attached kid, harmonizing to, Mary Ainsworth, in the Strange Situation survey, exhibit hurt when separated from health professionals. Edinburgh kids and Families section are now working towards an fond regard advancing theoretical account of attention. This will work in concurrence with anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory pattern. It is vitally of import to us that immature people are able to develop their individuality within a positive environment. Therefore, we will non digest any unjust intervention or favoritism of immature people which is based on their age, gender, civilization, race, spiritual patterns or beliefs, sexual orientation or so any other feature of the immature individual that they have a right to keep or show . ( Edinburgh Secure Services 2009 ) In 1989, authoritiess worldwide promised all kids the same rights by following the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. These rights are based on what a kid needs to last, turn, take part and carry through their possible. They apply every bit to every kid, irrespective of who they are, or where they are from. ( GIRFEC ) Within the attention puting it is critical that all kids have entree to a kids s rights officer to move as an advocator for the immature people who are looked after by Children households Services. The Care Commission was set up in April 2002 under the Regulation of Care ( Scotland ) Act 2001 Regulation of Care ( Scotland ) Act 2001 to modulate all grownup, kid and independent health care services in Scotland. From 1 April 2011 a new regulative organic structure, Social Care and Social Work Improvement Scotland ( SCSWIS ) , is responsible for modulating societal services. ( National Care Standards )